가상현실 치과시뮬레이션에서 학습자의 숙련도가 수행시간, 수행정확도, 과제부하에 미치는 영향
The effects of expertise level on performance time, task accuracy, and task load in virtual reality dental simulation
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초록
이 연구의 목적은 가상현실 기반의 치과시뮬레이션에서 학습자의 숙달수준이 시뮬레이션을 통해 나타나는 수행에 어떤 영향을 미치는가를 확인하기 위한 것이다. 이를 위하여 임상경험이 필요한 치과용 시뮬레이션 개발을 통해서 숙련수준의 차이를 갖고 있는 학습자들의 수행을 비교했다. 학습자의 숙달수준은 전문영역에서의 고도화된 지식 스키마의 수준을 대변하는 것이다. 그렇기 때문에 숙달수준에 따른 수행을 비교함으로써 조작활동이 필요한 가상현실 시뮬레이션에서 어떤 요인을 고려해서 설계 및 개발해야 하는가에 대한 함의를 제공할 것이다. 연구 대상은 치과병원 수련의들로 인턴 17명(초보자 집단)과 레지던트 1, 2년차 17명(숙련자 집단)이었다. 이들은 가상소아환자(DANVI)를 적용한 가상현실 기반의 치아진단 시뮬레이션을 사용했다. 이들은 두 개의 임상사례를 진단했으며, 각 임상사례에 대한 치료계획 수립과정을 시뮬레이션하는 과제를 수행했다. 전문성 수준에 따라서 집단을 구분한 반복측정에 의한 일변량 분산분석을 실시했다. 종속변수는 수행시간, 수행정확도, 과제부하였다. 수행시간은 진찰시간 및 진단평가 시간으로 구분되었다. 수행정확도는 제시된 과제에 대한 수행의 오류 횟수를 계산했다. 마지막으로 과제부하설문은 NASA-TLX를 활용한 문항을 적용했다. 연구결과에 따르면 전체적인 수행시간에서는 숙련도가 높은 집단의 시간이 더 짧게 나타났다. 수행정확도에서는 집단간 차이는 없었으나 사례에 따라서 오류진단의 건수가 유의미하게 줄어들었다. 반면에 과제부하를 묻는 설문에서는 유의미한 차이가 없었다. 이 연구를 통하여 기술숙달이 필요한 가상현실 시뮬레이션에서 전문가의 숙달수준이 시뮬레이션 사용에서 중요한 참고사항이 된다는 점을 확 인할 수 있었다. 숙달수준에 따라서 과제수행 시간과 정확도에서 차이가 나타날 수 있다. 그렇기 때문에 과제완성도에 대한 평가기준을 설정할 때, 학습자의 이러한 숙달수준을 반영해야 한다. 또한 숙달수준이 낮은 학습자를 위한 학습지원 체제를 제공해줌으로써 과제수행의 정확성을 높일 수 있는 안내를 제공해주어야 한다.
Abstract
This study was to identify the effect of learner’s expertise on performance in virtual reality based dental simulation. The simulation of this study was developed to train dental practice with using a mirrorhand piece. This dental simulation had a virtual child patient at 56 years old with caries. Two clinical cases implemented to the virtual child patient were given as a task. The participants were 34 licensed dentists, and one group was 17 interns and the other was practitioners with 1 or 2 year clinical experiences. The participant was asked to examine the cases. The dependent variables were the performance time, diagnosis of two clinical cases, and instruments of task-load originated from NASA-TLX. One-way MANOVA was applied for a repeated measured with three dependent variables. The dependent variables were measured after each case; thus, two sets of measures were collected through the experiment. The performance time was consisted of examining and decision-making times. The decision-making time was to make a plan to select treatments. The participant could select some of the treatment plans as long as it was not incorrect solution for the case. The task performance was measured for a ratio of correct solution and a frequencies of incorrect solution. The task load survey had six items to measure how they perceived their mental demand to complete the task. The results revealed that a group difference was significant with shorter time to complete the tasks. They showed a significant tendency of reducing time for the second case. However, no interaction effect was found. For the performance measure, the numbers of error in solution was significantly decreased at the second case while there were no interaction and group differences. No significant differences werefound across all of the times. The expertise is crucial factor to be considered in simulation design. The criterion of task need to be various depending upon the level of expertise. For the novice, the learning support should be provided to reduce performance time and accuracy.
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