민수기의 군주시대 전승과 그 제사장적 편집 작업에 나타난 수사적 의도
The Priestly Redactors’ Rhetorical Intention on the Monarchic Traditions in the Book of Numbers
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이 연구의 목적은, 제2성전 시대의 제사장 집단이 군주 시대의 전승(민 10:29-36; 11:1-12:16; 13-14장 일부, 16장 일부, 20-21장 일부, 22-24장, 25:1-5)을 활용하여 편집한 민수기가 어떤 수사적 의도를 추구했는지를 탐구하는 데 있다. 역사성이 검증되지 않은 광야시대를 배경으로 삼고 기술하는 민수기가, 제2성전 시대에 귀환한 제사장 지도자 그룹인 P가 페르시아 시대의 예후다 사회에서 발생했을 주요 문제를 처리하기 위해 작성했다는 견해를 전제로 이 연구는 편집비평과 수사비평적 관점을 활용하였다. 민수기 안에서 P가 추구한 수사적 의도는 다음 몇 가지로 압축할 수 있다. 첫째, 귀환하지 않는 타국의 이스라엘 백성에게 약속의 땅으로 귀환을 촉구하는 일(1장과 26장의 인구조사 결과와 13-14장의 정탐군 보도, 그리고 22-24장의 발람 내러티브), 둘째, 혼란한 사회기강과 질서를 바로잡아 제사장 중심의 엄정한 사회질서를 확립하는 일(2장의 성막배치도, 3-4장의 제사장과 레위인의 서열과 기능 확정, 16-17장의 고라와 르우벤 자손의 반역 공모), 셋째, 신성한 예언자 모세를 제외한 예언자 직제 자체의 무효를 연상케 하는 역설적 주장(11:29, “다 선지자가 되게 하시기를 원하노라”)을 통해 예언자 집단의 권력을 무력화시키는 일, 넷째, 이방여인과 통혼을 금지하여 순혈주의 사회를 강화하는 일(11-12장의 식량부족으로 생긴 불만을 예언자적 권위 문제로 답변하는 내러티브들, 25장의 미디안 여인을 비느하스가 처형하는 내러티브, 31장의 미디안 족속 말살) 등이었다. 민수기의 이런 수사법은 제2성전 시대의 에스라와 느헤미야의 사역과 잘 어울린다.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to discover in the final form of the book of Numbers what kind of rhetorical intentions the priestly group as the second temple leaders in the Persian Yehud province could have possessed. The book of Numbers describes the wilderness journey of the Exodus Israelites, which did not exist, according to the view of critical biblical scholars. So the book of Numbers was probably written to set up authoritative instruction to meet the needs of the second temple society in Palestine. In order to solve the multiple problems raised from Yehud on its own, P utilized the monarchic tradition. As a result of reading the composite passages under consideration, we could reach several conclusions. P’s first rhetorical intention would be to encourage the Israelites outside Palestine to return to the promised land since the returnees may be not enough in number. The second would be to make a strictly ordered society since there was no tight government for a long time. To accomplish this job, it is likely that P, first of all, must have discouraged the prophetic ministry which might compete with the priestly leadership. However, they only wished to maintain the sacred authority of the one man, Moses. The third might be to prohibit intermarriage. This measure could have met with considerable opposition on the ground of Moses’ intermarriage with Zipporah, a Midianite or a Cushite woman. That’s why P’s redactional work in the book of Numbers shows a strong antagonism against the Midianites (men and women) throughout the book. Such rhetorical intentions fit well with Ezra’s and Nehemiah’s ministry.
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