히르벳 케야파의 토기 연대와 유다왕국 건설: 징거-아비츠에 대한 응답
Date of Pottery Assemblage of Khirbet Qeiyafa and Establishment of Judean Kingdom: A Reply to L. Singer-Avitz
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성서고고학에서 가장 열띤 논의를 가진 시대는 이른바 “통일 왕국시대”이다. 이는 이스라엘 핀켈쉬타인과 그의 동료들이 ‘저연대’를 주장한 이후 이 시기가 고고학적으로 보잘 것 없는 시기로 여겨졌으며 따라서 성서가 기술하는 대로 유다 왕국이 설립되었다는 주장은 부인되었다. 근래의 ‘저연대’주장에 대한 고고학적 반향가운데 중심에 서 있는 장소는 히르벳 케야파로서 두 개의 성문과 포곽 성벽을 갖춘 요새화와, 고문서적 증거, 거대한 단일돌 기둥을 지닌 저장 창고, 관료가 거한 관청 건물과 풍부한 토기군이 발견되어 왕국이 설립할 만한 고고학 증거이며 발굴자에 의하여 후기 철기 시대 초 즉, 주전 10세기 초로 연대가 추정되었다. 이에 따라 ‘저연대’ 주장자들은 추정된 이 연대를 부인하고 초기 철기 시대 말이라고 새롭게 연대 추정 하였다. 이 논문은 징거-아비츠의 주장에 대한 대답으로 일곱 가지 사항을 다루었다: (1) 표면 장식, (2) 분화구형 오지그릇, (3) 저장용 항아리의 베이스, (4) 흑색 작은 단지, (5) 아스돗 토기, (6) 지정학적 분석, (7) 고고학에서의 과도기. 그녀의 이전 주장 가운데 어느 것도 건전한 고고학적 자료와 분석에 기초하고 있지 않으며 이전에 그녀와 그녀의 동료들이 주장한 ‘저연대’에 히르벳 케야파로부터의 고고학적 결과를 끼어 맞추려 한 것으로 보여진다: 4.1%의 대접이 적색 덧입힘과 손 마름질을 가졌고, 몇 개의 분화구형 오지그릇 형태는 초기 철기 시대부터 계속된 형태이기는 하지만, 다른 것들은 후기 철기 시대에 새롭게 나타난 형태이며, 히르벳 케야파는 편편한 바닥 뿐만 아니라 둥근 바닥을 지닌 저장용 항아리가 발견되었으며, 주전 1050-950년의 것으로 추정되는 4번째 층위에서 발견된 것을 고려한다면, 흑색 작은 단지는 주로 후기 철기 시대와 그 이후에 발견되었으며, 아스돗 토기는 쉬펠라 지역에서 초기 철기 시대에 블레셋 두 채색토기와 함께 발견된 반면 히르벳 케야파에서는 어떠한 블레셋 두 채색 토기없이 아스돗 토기가 출토되었으며, 10개의 다른 지역에서 발굴된 62개의 장소에서 발견된 1182개의 유사 병행예 분석을 통하여 유사 형태는 후기 청동기 시대에서 후기 철기 시대 중반까지 발견되지만, 가장 많은 병행예를 보여주는 시대는 후기 철기 시대 초이다. 모든 것을 종합하여 볼 때, 왕국 성립을 위한 고고학적 증거가 발견된 히르벳 케야파는 후기 철기 시대 초로 그 연대가 추정되며 성서 인물로는 다윗 왕 시대로 이해된다.
Abstract
The period of so called “United Monarchy” became one of the most debated periods in biblical archaeology ever since Israel Finkelstein and his colleagues advocated “Low Chronology (LC)”. The Iron Age IIA, the archaeological period was challenged to be considered as a humble and poor and accordingly the Judean kingdom in the period was denied. An archaeological challenge to “LC” advocators occurred from Khirbet Qeiyafa which revealed a fortification system with two gates and a casemate city wall, epigraphic evidences, a pillared storage house, a government house and a rich pottery assemblage, all dated to the early Iron Age IIA by the excavators. The advocators of “LC” accordingly negated their dating and re-dated it to the late Iron Age I. This paper tries to reply to Singer-Avitz’s argument (2010, 2012, 2016) in seven points: (1) surface treatment, (2) krater, (3) base of storage jar, (4) black juglet, (5) Ashdod ware, (6) geographical analysis, (7) transitional period in archaeology. None of her arguments was not based on sound data and analysis, seemed to try to fit archaeological results from Khirbet Qeiyafa to main argument of “LC”. 4.1% of bowls are hand burnished on red slip; some krater types are continuous from the Iron Age I whilst the other are newly appeared in the Iron Age IIA; Khirbet Qeiyafa revealed flat as well as bases of storage jars; black juglets are mainly uncovered in the Iron Age IIA and later, while those found at Tel Beth Shemesh are attributed to Level 4 (1050-950 BCE), probably to last phase of the level; Ashdod ware was found together with the Philistine Bichrome in the Iron Age I sites in the Shephelah whilst Khirbet Qeiyafa revealed Ashdod ware without any Bichrome; in comparative analysis with 1182 cases from 62 sites excavated in ten different regions, parallels are found from the Late Bronze Age to the Iron Age IIB and the most paralleled period is the Iron Age IIA. All in all, Khirbet Qeiyafa in which archaeological evidences for establishment of kingdom were uncovered is reasonably dated to the early Iron Age IIA, attributed to the period of King David.
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