하나님의 폭력과 신정론: 구약의 천상의회와 천사론을 중심으로
The Violence of God and Theodicy: Exploring Through The Heavenly Council and Angelology in the Old Testament.
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구약성서의 하나님은 폭력적이다. 이에 구약의 본문은 신정론을 취하며 형성되었다. 이에 본 논문은 야웨를 더 보호하기 위해 천사론을 확장했던 신정론의 기제에 관하여 논의하고자 한다. 특히 포로기 이후 묵시문학의 천사론은 야웨 유일신 신앙의 신정론적 방어 기제에 근거했고, 논문은 구약의 천상의회 본문을 분석하여 이를 지지하고자 한다. 천상의회 주요 본문은 모두 ‘악’과 관련 있고 유일신 외의 신적 존재가 두드러지어 있는데, 이는 확장된 천사론과 신정론의 밀접성을 입증할 것이다.
Abstract
The God in the Old Testament is violent. As a result, the texts of the Old Testament were significantly influenced by a theological system that embraced the concept of theodicy. This paper aims to explore the theological framework of angelology, which expanded to provide further protection for Yahweh. Specifically, it focuses on the angelology found in apocalyptic literature that emerged after the Exile, serving as a defence mechanism for the monotheistic faith in Yahweh. And it seeks to support this argument by analysing the main passages of the heavenly council in the Old Testament. Apocalyptic literature presents an expanded role for celestial beings, along with a postponed eschaton, allowing Yahweh to be shielded from the criticism and resentment of his people in various ways. Notably, these characteristics found in apocalyptic texts contribute to the theological system known as theodicy. The key passages of the heavenly council in the Old Testament, such as 1 Kings 22:19-23, Isaiah 6, Job 1&2, Psalm 82, Zechariah 3, and Daniel 7:9-14, consistently tackle the problem of evil and prominently feature divine beings, providing evidence of the close relationship between expanded angelology and theodicy. Interestingly, due to the monotheistic belief system, celestial beings that were suppressed unexpectedly assume prominent positions and engage in activities within the heavenly council texts. Simultaneously, they are portrayed as responsible for violence and evil. This contrasts with the monotheistic belief in Yahweh, who governs both light and darkness, offering a means to escape direct accountability for violence and evil. The apocalyptic literature that emerged after the period of captivity, marked by national disasters, and the composition of the heavenly council texts, influenced by personal and societal suffering, share a common problem - the crisis of monotheistic faith in Yahweh. Ultimately, the ancient Israelite monotheistic religious system, facing instability, gradually incorporated elements of polytheism to provide stability amidst the crisis. Other divine beings served as protective shields, safeguarding Yahweh from fierce criticism.
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