4ㆍ19와 1960년대 북한문학 - 선동과 소통 사이: 북한 작가의 4ㆍ19 담론과 전유방식 비판 -

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to critically analyze the perspective of North Korean literature towards 4ㆍ19 Revolution in 1960s. This study presents analysis of discourses from the standpoint of historicism based on literature text such as doctrine, poems, etc., which are contained in Literature Newspaper and Joseon Literature. North Korea reported the 3.15 election fraud and Masan Movement in 1960, instigating the South Koreans to stage anti-government rally. The dismissal of Lee Seung-man Regime by the 4ㆍ19 Revolution triggered explosive response from the North Korean literary circles. Particularly, the North Korean literary circles stirred up the South Koreans to support the ‘people’s struggle’ for democratic freedom, put an end to the fascist terror reign, and made inflammatory pronouncement that the American imperialists, the de facto power, should pull out. Prelude to Revolution, the poem of Lee Hyo-woon, and other poems related to 4ㆍ19 Revolution are dominated by the discourse of democracy, independence, and unification. This reflects double-sidedness of communication for unification and propaganda for communization. However, the questions arise when we analyze the North Korean annual celebrations of 4ㆍ19 Revolution which have been held since 1961 and related literary works. The discourse of democracy, freedom, unification, which was triggered by 4ㆍ19 Revolution, has become the hallmark of authors who defected to North Korea or have been relegated to anti-American slogan. Moreover, such discourse has been used to mobilize the labor for Cheollima Movement(천리마운동) which has been pushed ahead under the banner “Let’s work harder to rescue the South Koreans.” It cannot be overlooked that the discourse of democracy, freedom, unification, triggered by 4ㆍ19 Revolution, has not led to internal change of North Korean literary circles. North Korea lambasted the South Korea again after 5ㆍ16 military coup d'état in 1961. Instead, the North Korea marks April as the month of "revolutionary tradition" originating from the anti-Japanese partisan struggle led by Kim Il-Sung. According to the theory of the Great Leader, the North Korea holds sacred April 15 “Taeyangjeol”, the birthday of Kim Il-Sung”. The discourse on 4ㆍ19 Revolution and the change in the perspective toward April epitomize the changes in the North Korean literary or social change in 1960s.