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군주제의 이상적 통치 이면(裏面)에 나타난 정치 역학관계: - 시편 72편의 מֶלֶךְ와 עוֹשֵׁק를 중심으로

The Political Dynamics Behind the Monarchy's Ideal Rule: Centered on מֶלֶךְ and עוֹשֵׁק of Psalm 72

조한근
한국구약학회 (Korean Society of Old Testament Studies)|2024.09|구약논단 (Korean Journal of Old Testament Studies)|제30권 제3호|pp. 327-360|DOI 10.24333/jkots.2024.30.3.327

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참고문헌

키워드

경제적 착취Political Dynamics군주제Monarchy정치 역학Economic Exploitation압제자이상적 통치OppressorIdeal Governance
주제분류기독교신학

초록

본 논문은 시편 72편에 묘사된 군주의 이상적인 통치 이념 이면에 깔린 정치적 역학관계를 조명하는 데 목적이 있다. 특히 시편 72편에 묘사된 이상적인 군주의 기능은 מִשְׁפָּט(미쉬파트/정의)와 צְדָקָה(체다카/공의)를 중심으로 한 정치 이념이 반영되었다. 고대 이스라엘은 역사적으로 일찍이 권력 남용으로 가난한 자들을 압제하는 관료들의 부정부패가 계속되었다. 구약성서는 압제자를 억압과 착취를 일삼는 범죄자로 규정하고, 군주는 야훼의 대리자로서 정의와 공의로 백성을 통치해야 한다고 정의한다. 시편 72편 역시 하나님이 부여한 왕권을 통해 이상적인 통치 이념을 실현하려는 내용을 담고 있다. 시편 72편에 묘사된 이상적인 통치는 시혜자와 수혜자를 명확하게 묘사하므로 압제자의 억압과 폭력으로부터 백성을 구원할 군주에 대한 기대를 담고 있다. 본문에는 왕권의 수혜자들이 주로 권력자들의 지배를 받는 가난한 자들이었다고 명시한다. 가난한 자들은 생존권을 보장받지 못했고 압제자에게 경제적 착취를 당하는 자들이었다. 압제자들은 당시 사회악으로 여겨졌을 뿐만 아니라 왕권에 대한 도전이기도 했다. 그러므로 시편 72편은 מֶלֶךְ(멜레크/군주)와 עוֹשֵׁק(오쉐크/압제자) 사이의 정치적 역학관계가 드러난다. 그리고 두 권력의 정치적 역학관계는 מֶלֶךְ와 עוֹשֵׁק 사이에 대립으로 나타난다. 이런 정치적 역학관계에서 군주의 기능은 압제자의 권력을 제한하고 불의를 사회에서 제거하는 자이다. 결론적으로 본 연구는 시편 72편의 분석을 통해 군주의 이상적인 통치가 당시의 사회 문제에 어떻게 반영되고 영향을 미쳤는지 살펴보는 것이다.

Abstract

This paper aims to illuminate the political dynamics behind the ideal monarch’s ideology of the rule described in Psalm 72. In particular, the functions of the ideal monarch described in Psalm 72 reflect a political ideology centered on מִשְׁפָּט(mishpat/justice) and צְדָקָה(tzedakah/righteousness). Ancient Israel had a long history of corruption among officials who abused their power and oppressed the poor. The Old Testament defines an oppressor as a criminal who commits oppression and exploitation, and it defines a monarch as a representative of Yahweh who must rule the people with justice and righteousness. Psalm 72 also contains the idea of realizing the ideal of governance through the kingship granted by God. The ideal ruling ideology described in Psalm 72 clearly delineates the benefactor and the recipient, containing expectations of a monarch who will deliver the people from the oppression and violence of the oppressor. The text states that the beneficiaries of royal power were mainly impoverished individuals who were subject to the rule of those in power. The poor were not guaranteed the right to survive and were economically exploited by their oppressors. Oppressors were not only considered a social evil at the time but also a challenge to royal authority. Therefore, the ideal ruling ideology of the monarch can also be seen as a political check on the oppressors. Thus, Psalm 72 reveal the political dynamics between מֶלֶךְ(Melech/monarch) and עוֹשֵׁק(Oshek/oppressor). And the political dynamics of the two powers are expressed in the opposition between מֶלֶךְ and עוֹשֵׁק. In these political dynamics, the function of the monarch is to limit the power of the oppressor and remove injustice from society. As a result, this study examines how the ideal rule of the monarch was reflected and influenced the social issues of the time through an analysis of Psalm 72.

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