Gartanin Induces Apoptosis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Lines through Mitochondrial Signaling Pathway
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Apoptosis is a physiological process of the controlled elimination of unhealthy or damaged cells1). When cells were undergoing apoptosis, it would be show nuclear condensation, DNA fragmentation, membrane blebbing through various signaling pathway 2, 3). Mitochondria signaling pathway is among the apoptosis pathway. Mitochondria play an important role in the regulation of cell apoptosis. Changes in the mitochondria membrane potential (MMP) are considered an early event in apoptosis and many pro-apoptotic proteins can be released from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm when the MMP is damaged4). In recent studies, reported that apoptosis might play an important role in various diseases. Especially of cancer is closely associated with apoptosis. So, it is important to study the anti-cancer capacities of natural compounds for the development of anticancer drugs without side effects5). Oral cancer is the most common type of human cancers in worldwide6), and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) arises from the mucosa of oral cavity frequently7, 8). The major risk factors of oral cancer are tobacco, alcohol and high risk Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection. The overall survival rate has not changed in recent years, despite extensive research on the biological and molecular aspects of OSCC9). Many tropical fruits have interesting molecular biological activities with potential treatment applications. Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen) has a long history of usage as a medicinal plant in southeast asia10, 11). This tropical plant is famous for its nutritious and flavorful fruits. The pericarps of Garcinia mangostana contain numerous xanthones with chemical diversity12). Several studies have shown that typical magosteen products, α-mangostin, β-mangostin, γ-mangostin, and gartanin have various effects in diseases such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-bacterial, anti-cancer via cell cycle arrest and apoptosis10, 11, 13, 14). Although recently mangosteen products, research has been actively promoted but effect in the oral cavity cancer, there is insufficient. In this study, we evaluated the anti-cancer effects of gartanin, one of the major xanthones from the mangosteen fruit in OSCC cell lines.
Abstract
Apoptosis is a physiological process of the controlled elimination of unhealthy or damaged cells1). When cells were undergoing apoptosis, it would be show nuclear condensation, DNA fragmentation, membrane blebbing through various signaling pathway 2, 3). Mitochondria signaling pathway is among the apoptosis pathway. Mitochondria play an important role in the regulation of cell apoptosis. Changes in the mitochondria membrane potential (MMP) are considered an early event in apoptosis and many pro-apoptotic proteins can be released from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm when the MMP is damaged4). In recent studies, reported that apoptosis might play an important role in various diseases. Especially of cancer is closely associated with apoptosis. So, it is important to study the anti-cancer capacities of natural compounds for the development of anticancer drugs without side effects5). Oral cancer is the most common type of human cancers in worldwide6), and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) arises from the mucosa of oral cavity frequently7, 8). The major risk factors of oral cancer are tobacco, alcohol and high risk Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection. The overall survival rate has not changed in recent years, despite extensive research on the biological and molecular aspects of OSCC9). Many tropical fruits have interesting molecular biological activities with potential treatment applications. Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen) has a long history of usage as a medicinal plant in southeast asia10, 11). This tropical plant is famous for its nutritious and flavorful fruits. The pericarps of Garcinia mangostana contain numerous xanthones with chemical diversity12). Several studies have shown that typical magosteen products, α-mangostin, β-mangostin, γ-mangostin, and gartanin have various effects in diseases such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-bacterial, anti-cancer via cell cycle arrest and apoptosis10, 11, 13, 14). Although recently mangosteen products, research has been actively promoted but effect in the oral cavity cancer, there is insufficient. In this study, we evaluated the anti-cancer effects of gartanin, one of the major xanthones from the mangosteen fruit in OSCC cell lines.
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