제3자 자금제공에 관한 소고 - 중재시장의 활로를 찾아서 -
An Analysis on the Third Party Funding- A Search for the Ways to Vitalize the Arbitration Market -
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중재(arbitration)는 대체적 분쟁해결제도의 중요한 축으로서, 수많은 거래관계와 그로부터 파생되는 분쟁에서 활발하게 활용되고 있다. 또한 중재에서는 중재인의 선정, 중재인의 수, 중재 절차에 적용되는 규칙 등을 당사자의 합의로 정할 수 있는바, 절차상의 유연성 내지 탄력성이 그 특징이라고 할 수 있다. 이러한 맥락에서, 최근에는 제3자가 인용금액의 일부를 지급받는 대신 패소할 경우 기지급 원금을 돌려받지 않는 것을 조건으로 당사자에게 법률비용을 지원하여 소송을 제기하거나 중재를 신청할 수 있도록 하는 이른바 제3자 자금제공에 관한 논의가 활발하게 진행되고 있다. 위 제도는 자금력이 부족한 당사자로 하여금 중재신청을 할 수 있도록 하여 중재제도의 활성화에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대되며, 이미 여러 국가에서 활용되고 있는 것으로 알려진다. 한편 위 제도에 관하여 이를 도입하게 될 경우 자본력이 소송결과에 미치는 영향력이 보다 커지게 되어 정의의 순수성이 훼손될 수 있다는 등의 비판이 제기되기도 한다. 나아가, 여러 중재 선진국들은 제3자 자금제공이라는 새로운 제도를 활용하여 자국의 중재시장을 키우고 제도의 남용을 막고자 적절한 규제를 하기 위한 법령 개정 업무에 착수하였다. 본 논문에서는 우선 제3자 자금제공의 개념 및 연혁을 검토하고, 이를 둘러싼 찬반론을 분석한다. 나아가 제3자 자금제공에 관한 홍콩, 싱가포르, 미국 등 여러 국가들의 법령 내지 사례들을 살펴보면서 위 제도에 관한 세계적인 추세 및 최근 이슈를 파악하고, 이에 관한 국내 법령 및 관련 사례들을 살펴보기로 한다. 끝으로, 근래에 활발하게 논의되고 있는 ‘제3자 자금제공 약정의 공개’에 관한 사안을 살펴보면서 위 제도의 합리적인 운용방안을 모색한다. 본 논문을 통하여 국제중재 분야의 최신 이슈인 제3자 자금제공을 소개하고 여러 중재 선진국들이 위 제도를 도입하기 위하여 나누었던 다양한 논의들을 살펴보면서 우리에게 주는 시사점을 파악한다.
Abstract
Arbitration is one of the foremost pillars of the alternative dispute resolution. Among the major characteristics of arbitration, the flexibility of the procedure is essential. This is because the parties are usually allowed to decide upon the number of arbitrators, the selection of arbitrators and the procedural rules in which the arbitration should follow. In this regard, the international arbitration community has strived to improve the system to allow more parties to participate in the arbitration industry. As a result, there has recently been a fervent discussion about third party funding in the sphere of international arbitration. Third party funding can be described as a contract in which the funder arranges a non-recourse provision of the cost of arbitration (or litigation) to the funded party in return for a certain portion of the final outcome of the case. The topic has received a great deal of attention in the international arbitration community and a number of countries have began to revise their local arbitration laws and rules of the arbitration institutions to regulate this issue. While there is already a considerable number of companies practicing the third party funding, the debate on whether the third party funding should be allowed still seem to persist. Those who adhere to the introduction of third party funding argue that this will provide numerous opportunities for potential parties to a conflict and as a result, enhance the access of justice. On the other hand, those who criticize the third party funding argue that third party funding would be prone to abuse and result in numerous frivolous litigations and arbitrations. This paper will explain the above arguments in more detail. This paper aims to bring forward some of the most recent discussions related to third party funding. In doing so, it will take a look at the various arguments related to the pros and cons of the third party funding. Then, the paper will discuss about types of third party funding as well as relevant statutes among leading nations in the arbitration community such as Hong Kong, Singapore and the United States. Moreover, the paper will explain about related cases in various jurisdictions around the world and based on statutes and cases, this paper will demonstrate that the trend in the international arbitration community is moving towards recognizing and regulating third party funding. Further, the paper will also look at the Korean law and court decisions to consider whether the current statutes prevent the third party funding. In doing so, the relevant statutes in the Attorney-at-Law Act and cases in the lower court will be analyzed. In the final parts of the paper, the issues regarding the disclosure of third party funding arrangement will be introduced. The paper will introduce recent discussions around the disclosure of the third party funding and explain the need to devise a regulation which would require the parties to reveal the existence of the third party funding arrangement prior to the selection of arbitrators in the arbitration process.
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