독일 「사회법전 제4권」상 종속취업 개념에 대한 비판적 고찰
Critical Reflections on the Concept of Employment(Beschäftigung) in the Fourth Book of the Social Code
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본고는 사회보험법의 관문에 해당하는, 독일 「사회법전 제4권」 제7조 제1항상 종속취업 개념, 이와 관련된 위장자영인의 억지를 위한 종속취업 추정규정의 재도입의 문제 그리고 이러한 논의들에 기한 우리 법상 근로자 추정규정의 도입 문제 등에 관하여 고찰한 글이다. 본고에서 내린 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 「사회법전 제4권」 제7조 제1항상 종속취업 개념은, 사회보험법의 독자적 취지 및 목적에 따라 형성된 것으로서 「민법전」 제611조a 제1항에 따른 근로관계보다 다소 확대된 개념이다. 특히 연방사회대법원(BSG)은, 근로관계가 성립하지 않은, 일정한 범위의 직업군(가령 유한회사의 이사 등)을 그 종속취업에 포섭시키고 있고, 또한 특히 업무과정에 대한 기능상 보조적 참여와 기업가적 활동의 전형적 특성의 결여를 중요한 척도로 삼아 종속취업 개념을 보다 유연하고 탄력적으로 형성하기도 한다. 둘째, 위장자영인의 문제는 사회보험의 재정에 위협이 됨은 물론 해당 사람에 대한 사회보험법상 보호를 부인하는 결과를 초래하므로 이를 억지할 필요가 있는데, 이를 위해서는 일정한 요건하에 종속취업으로 추정하는 규정을 다시 도입할 필요가 있다. 이러한 추정규정은 비례성원칙에 부합하여 독일 기본법에 합치하고 또 그 밖에 그 정당성도 긍정된다. 셋째, 「사회법전 제4권」 제7조 제1항상 종속취업 개념의 논의에 기초하여, 플랫폼 노동 등 부상 등 변화하는 직업세계를 고려하여, 주된 표지인 ‘지휘구속성’, 독자적 표지인 ‘업무조직에 대한 편입’ 그리고 보충적 표지인 ‘기업가적 활동의 전형적 특성의 결여’라는 표지로 구성된 근로자 추정규정을 「근로기준법」에는 물론 「고용보험법」과 「노동조합 및 노동관계조정법」에도 도입하는 입법안을 제안하였다.
Abstract
This paper discusses the concept of “employment”(Beschäftigung) in sec. 7 para. of the Fourth Book of the Social Security Code in Germany, which is a gateway to social insurance law, the issue of reintroducing a presumption rule under which the person whose legal qualification is being examined is presumed to be a “worker”(Beschäftigter), and the issue of introducing such a presumption rule under specific requirements into the Employment Insurance Act etc. The conclusions of this paper are as follows. First, the concept of ‘Beschäftigung’ in sec. 7 para. of the Fourth Book of the Social Code is shaped in accordance with the sense and purpose of social insurance law is and a somewhat broader concept than employment in sec. 611a para. 1 of the German Civil Code. Particularly the Federal Social Court of Germany(BSG) has ruled that a certain range of professions (e.g. directors of limited liability companies etc.), in which no employment has been established, are subsumed under ‘Beschäftigung’. Further, there is also a tendency for the BSG to interpret the concept of employment in a more flexible and elastic way, using as important criteria in particular a “functionally serving participation in the work process” and the absence of typical characteristics of an entrepreneurial activity. Second, since the problem of bogus self-employment is a threat to the finances of the social security system and it is undesirable to deny ‘Beschäftigter’ the protection of the Social Security Code, it is necessary to reintroduce a presumption rule under which the person whose legal qualification is being examined is presumed to be a ‘Beschäftigter’. The presumption rule is compatible with the proportionality principle and the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany. Besides, its legitimacy is also affirmed. Third, based on the discussion of the concept of ‘Beschäftigung’ in sec. 7 para. of the Fourth Book of the Social Security Code, and taking into account the changing world of work, such as the rise of platform work, a legislative proposal is proposed to introduce a presumption rule based on three indicators, according to which the person whose legal qualification is being examined is presumed to be an employee, into the Employment Insurance Act, the Labour Standards Act and the Trade Union and Labour Relations Adjustment Act. The three indicators are related to the alleged contractor’s subjection to the instructions of an alleged purchaser, which is the main criterion. Additionally, a putative employee’s integration into the work organisation of an alleged employer is the independent criterion, and lack of the typical characteristics of the alleged employer's entrepreneurial activity is the complementary criterion.
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