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대학교를 졸업한 청년 근로자의 과잉교육, 직무만족, 직업 가치관의 관계: 조절된 다중매개모형

The Relationship Between Overeducation, Job Satisfaction, and Job Value Orientation Among Employed Young University Graduates: Testing A Moderated, Multiple Mediator Model

김도희
(사)한국대학교육협의회 (Korean Council for University Education)|2024.06|고등교육 (Journal of Higher Educational Research)|제7권 제1호|pp. 55-94|DOI 10.22838/jher.2024.7.1.55

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키워드

직무만족과잉교육Overeducation직업 가치관Jab SatisfactionJob Value Orientation

초록

본 연구는 고등교육 이수 비율이 높고 경쟁적인 교육 및 노동 시장을 특징으로 하는 한국의 맥락에서 과잉교육이 직무만족에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고, 직업 가치관이 이들의 관계에 어떻게 영향을 미치는지 탐구하고자 하였다. 이에 명백히 과잉교육을 받은 근로자와 과잉교육을 받은 것으로 간주되는 근로자를 구별하여 과잉교육이 외재적 및 내재적 직무만족을 매개로 전반적 직무만족으로 전이되는 다양한 경로에 대한 차별적인 영향을 규명하고, 이러한 매개효과가 내재적 가치 지향과 외재적 가치 지향에 의해 조절되는지 조사하였다. 연구 참여자는 한국고용정보원에서 실시한 청년패널조사 참여자 중에서 대학교를 졸업하고 첫 직장에 취업한 20대 근로자 1,306명이다. 변수의 관계는 PROCESS Macro를 활용한 조절된 다중매개모형 분석을 통해 검증되었다. 분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 명백히 과잉교육을 받은 근로자는 가치 지향 수준에 관계없이 외재적 및 내재적 직무만족이 크게 감소하여 전반적인 직무만족이 저하되는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 과잉교육을 받은 것으로 간주되는 근로자는 내재적 가치 지향이 뚜렷하지 않을 때만 내재적 직무만족이 감소하여 전반적인 직무만족이 저하되는 것으로 나타났다. 아울러 내재적 가치를 지향할수록 내재적 직무만족이 전반적 직무만족으로 전이되는 효과가 작아지는 것으로 나타나 내재적 가치의 긍정적인 영향에 대한 일반적인 견해와 상충된 결과를 보였으며, 외재적 가치 지향은 외재적 직무만족을 높이는 동시에 직무만족에 대한 과잉교육의 부정적 영향을 악화시키는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 과잉교육을 받은 청년 근로자의 직무만족을 개선하고자 할 때 개인과 직무가 불일치한 맥락적인 상황을 고려하고 직업 가치관이 개인적인 맥락 안에서 어떠한 역할을 하는지 살펴보아야 한다는 것을 시사한다. 이상의 결과를 토대로 과잉교육의 영향을 예방하고 완화하기 위한 상담 및 정책적 시사점을 논의하였다.

Abstract

This study examines the ramifications of overeducation on job satisfaction within the unique context of South Korea, which is marked by high tertiary education completion rates and a competitive education and labor market landscape. Additionally, the study investigates how occupational value orientations modulate this relationship. Specifically, it differentiates between explicitly overeducated workers and those perceived as overeducated, elucidating the distinct pathways through which overeducation influences extrinsic and intrinsic job satisfaction. The study then assesses how these influences are moderated by intrinsic and extrinsic value orientations. The sample comprised 1,306 workers in their twenties, all of whom had graduated from university and secured their first employment positions, as selected from the Korean Youth Panel Survey facilitated by the Korea Employment Information Service. The analysis employed a moderated multimediation model using the PROCESS Macro to explore the relationships among variables. The findings indicate that workers who are unequivocally overeducated report significant declines in both extrinsic and intrinsic job satisfaction, irrespective of their value orientation levels, consequently diminishing overall job satisfaction. In contrast, workers who were deemed overeducated only exhibited decreases in intrinsic job satisfaction, and hence in overall job satisfaction, when they lacked an intrinsic value orientation. Intriguingly, as intrinsic value orientation intensified, the transfer of intrinsic job satisfaction to overall job satisfaction diminished, challenging the prevailing positive views associated with intrinsic values. Conversely, extrinsic value orientation not only amplifies extrinsic job satisfaction but also intensifies the adverse impact of overeducation on job satisfaction. These results underscore the importance of considering the contextual incongruence between individuals and their occupational roles and of scrutinizing the role of occupational value orientations within personal contexts in efforts to enhance job satisfaction among overeducated young workers. The study concludes with a discussion of counseling and policy implications aimed at mitigating and preempting the effects of overeducation.

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