The Exodus Theme in the Bowl Judgments in Revelation 16: A Study of Patterns in Old Testament Usages in Revelation
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The focus of this research is “how” the Exodus theme is used in the bowl judgments. The Exodus theme has been used in the structure and in the content of the book of Revelation. Structural allusions can exert a strong influence on the content of Revelation. The structural understandings of an exile-return pattern and the repeated occurrences of theophanic elements are helpful to understand the whole content of Revelation. Both structural understandings show that the function of plagues is not only for judgment/destruction but also for the completion of salvation/restoration. This understanding is suitable for the reappearances of “one of seven angels who had seven bowls” twice (Rev 17:1; 21:9) after the execution of the bowl judgments to show the destruction of Babylon and the restoration of Jerusalem. The usages of the Exodus theme within the bowl judgments are categorized in five ways. (1) The Exodus theme is used as a basic motif of judgment. (2) The Exodus theme can be altered by combinations with Jewish or Greco-Roman traditions, (3) by extensions in the objects/area or reinforcements in the severity of the judgment, (4) by changes in the applied direction of salvation/judgment element, and (5) by personification (e.g., frogs in the sixth bowl; cf. locusts in the fifth trumpet). Additionally, the judgment element contrasts with God’s promise for his people in the content of Revelation itself. This additional pattern does not always use the Exodus theme.
Abstract
The focus of this research is “how” the Exodus theme is used in the bowl judgments. The Exodus theme has been used in the structure and in the content of the book of Revelation. Structural allusions can exert a strong influence on the content of Revelation. The structural understandings of an exile-return pattern and the repeated occurrences of theophanic elements are helpful to understand the whole content of Revelation. Both structural understandings show that the function of plagues is not only for judgment/destruction but also for the completion of salvation/restoration. This understanding is suitable for the reappearances of “one of seven angels who had seven bowls” twice (Rev 17:1; 21:9) after the execution of the bowl judgments to show the destruction of Babylon and the restoration of Jerusalem. The usages of the Exodus theme within the bowl judgments are categorized in five ways. (1) The Exodus theme is used as a basic motif of judgment. (2) The Exodus theme can be altered by combinations with Jewish or Greco-Roman traditions, (3) by extensions in the objects/area or reinforcements in the severity of the judgment, (4) by changes in the applied direction of salvation/judgment element, and (5) by personification (e.g., frogs in the sixth bowl; cf. locusts in the fifth trumpet). Additionally, the judgment element contrasts with God’s promise for his people in the content of Revelation itself. This additional pattern does not always use the Exodus theme.
참고문헌 (37)
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