구두 형식의 전자적 브레인 스토밍이 인지적 자극에 미치는 영향에 대한 실증적 연구
Empirical Validation for Verbal-EBS Effect to Cognitive Stimulation
0
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Given the industry’s unprecedented attention and dedication of resources to voice recognition, this paper introduces and explores a novel idea generation technique whereby ideas are captured directly through verbalization rather than forcing group members to type ideas. A group simulator was used to measure the idea generation performance of individuals who input ideas verbally or via typing in the context of nominal and interacting groups. The results clearly indicate that verbal input represents a more desirable mechanism in a computer-mediated idea generation environment. Liberating group members from the keyboard produces remarkable performance gains. Verbalizing ideas helps individuals focus on analytical thinking and leverage group member ideas, ultimately facilitating the creation of ideas pools that are vastly superior in terms of quantity and quality. These effects were found across nominal and interacting groups. The implications of these results for future research and the design of technologies are discussed.
Abstract
Given the industry’s unprecedented attention and dedication of resources to voice recognition, this paper introduces and explores a novel idea generation technique whereby ideas are captured directly through verbalization rather than forcing group members to type ideas. A group simulator was used to measure the idea generation performance of individuals who input ideas verbally or via typing in the context of nominal and interacting groups. The results clearly indicate that verbal input represents a more desirable mechanism in a computer-mediated idea generation environment. Liberating group members from the keyboard produces remarkable performance gains. Verbalizing ideas helps individuals focus on analytical thinking and leverage group member ideas, ultimately facilitating the creation of ideas pools that are vastly superior in terms of quantity and quality. These effects were found across nominal and interacting groups. The implications of these results for future research and the design of technologies are discussed.
참고문헌 (89)
- "Human interaction speeds"[URL]
- Barki, H., "Small group brainstorming and idea quality: Is electronic brainstorming the most effective approach?", Small Group Research, 32(2), pp.158~205 (2001), I
- Biber, D., "Variation across speech and writing" (1988), Cambridge University Press
- Bond, C. F., "Social facilitation: A meta-analysis of 241 studies", Psychological Bulletin, 94(2), pp.265~292 (1983)
- Briggs, R. O., "1001 unanswered research ques- tions in GSS", Journal of Management Information Systems, 14(3), pp.3~21
- Brown, B., "A simple dynamic model of social factors in group brainstorming", Small Group Research, 27(1), pp.91~114 (1996)
- Brown, B., "Modeling cognitive interactions during group brainstorming", Small Group Research, 29(4), pp.495~526 (1998)
- Chafe, W. L., "Integration and involvement in speaking, writing, and oral literature. D. Tannen, ed.. Spoken and Written Language: Exploring Orality and Literacy" (1982), Ablex Publishing Corporation
- Chomsky, N., "Syntactic structures" (1957), Mouton & Co
- Chomsky, N., "Aspects of the theory of syntax" (1965), MIT Press
- Chun, M. M., "Visual attention" (2001), Blackwell Handbook of Perception
- Connolly, T., "Effects of anonymity and evaluative tone on idea generation in computer-mediated groups", Management Science, 36(6), pp.689~703 (1990)
- Connolly, T., "On the effectiveness of group brain-storming test of one underlying cognitive mechanism", Small Group Research, 24(4), pp.490~503 (1993)
- Dalkey, N., "The delphi method: An experimental study of group opinion" (1969), Rand Corporation
- avis, F. D., "User acceptance of computer technology: A comparison of two theoretical models", Mana- gement Science, 35(8), pp.982~1003 (1989)
- Dennis, A. R., "Structuring TIme and Task in Electronic Brainstorming", MIS Quarterly, 23(1), pp.95~108 (1999)
- Dennis, A. R., "Computer brainstorms:More heads are better than one", Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(4), pp.531~537 (1993)
- Dennis, A. R, "Electronic brainstorming: Illusions and patterns of productivity", Information Systems Research, 10(4), pp.375~377 (1999)
- Dennis, A. R., "The effectiveness of multiple dialogs in electronic brainstorming", Information Systems Research, 8(2), pp.196~211 (1997)
- Dennis, A. R., "Process structuring in electronic brainstorming", Information Systems Research, 7(2), pp.268~277 (1996)
- Dennis, A.R., "An experimental investigation of the effects of group size in an electronic meeting environment", IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics, 25(5), pp.1049~1057 (1990)
- Dennis, A. R., "Electronic brainstorming: Theory, research and future directions", pp.160~178 (2003), Oxford University Press
- Diehl, M., "Productivity loss in brainstorming groups: Toward the solution of riddle", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(3), pp.497~509 (1987)
- Diener, E., "Deindividuation: The absence of self-awareness and self-regulation in group members" (1980), Hillsdale
- Dugosh, K. L., "Cognitive stimulation in brainstor- ming", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(5), pp.722~735 (2000)
- Gallupe, R. B., "Unblocking Brainstorms", Journal of Applied Psychology, 76(1), pp.137~142 (1991)
- Gallupe, B.R., "Blocking electronic brainstorms", Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(1), pp.77~86 (1994)
- Gallupe, R. B., "Electronic brainstorming and group size", Academy of Management Journal, 35(2), pp.350~369 (1992)
- Gallupe, R. B., "The impact of computer support on group problem finding: An experimental approach", MIS Quarterly, 12(2), pp.276~296 (1988)
- Garfield, M.J., "Research report: Modifying paradigms – individual differences, creativity, techniques, and exposure to ideas in group idea generation", Information Systems Research, 12(3), pp.322~333 (2001)
- Gray, P., "The user interface in group support systems", pp.192~213 (1993), Macmillan
- Halliday, M.A.K., "Spoken and written language" (1989), Oxford University Press
- Herschel, R. T., "Exploring numerical propor- tions in a unique context: The group support systems meeting environment", Sex Roles, 31(7), pp.99~123 (1994)
- Hilmer, K.M., "Stimulating thinking: Cultivating better decisions with group- ware through categorization", Journal of manage- ment Information Systems, 17(3), pp.93~114 (2001)
- Hiltz, S.R., "Ex- periments in group decision making: Communica- tion process and outcome in face-to-face versus computerized conferences", Human Communica- tion Research, 13(2), pp.225~252 (1987)
- Hirst, W., "Dividing attention without alternation or automaticity", Journal of Experi- mental Psychology: General, 109(1), pp.98~117 (1980)
- Hollingshead, A. B., "Group performance and communication technology: A longitudinal study of computer- mediated versus face-to-face work groups", Small Group Research, 24(3), pp.307~333 (1993)
- Horowitz, M.W., "Structural advantage of the mechanism of spoken expression as a factor in differences in spoken and written expression", Perceptual and Motor Skills, 19(2), pp.619~625 (1964)
- Horowitz, M.W., "Listening and reading, speaking and writing: An experimental investigation of differential acquisition and reproduction of memory", Perceptual and Motor Skills, 24(1), pp.207~215 (1967)
- Horowitz, M.W., "Spoken and written expression: An experimental analysis", Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 68(6), pp.640~647 (1964)
- Jahandarie, K., "Spoken and written discourses: A multi-disciplinary perspective" (1999), Ablex Publishing Corporation
- Jessup, L. M., "The effects of anonymity on GDSS group process with an idea-generating task", MIS Quarterly, 14(3), pp.313~321 (1990)
- Jessup, L.M., "Group decision making in an automated environment: The effects of anonymity and proximity with a group decision support system", Decision Science, 22(2), pp.266~279 (1991)
- Kerr, N.L., "Motivation Losses in Small Groups: A Social Dilemma Analysis", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(4), pp.819~828 (1983)
- Kiesler, S., "Response effects in the electronic survey", Public Opinion Quarterly, 50(3), pp.402~413 (1986)
- Klein, E. E., "The role of computer support tools and gender composition in innovative information system idea generation by small groups", Computers in Human Behavior, 16(2), pp.111~139 (2000)
- Kramer, T. J., "Improving face-to-face brainstorming through modeling and facilitation", Small Group Research, 32(5), pp.533~557 (2001)
- Lamm, H., "Group versus individual performance on tasks requiring ideational proficiency (brainstorming):A review", European Journal of Social Psychology, 3(4), pp.361~387 (1973)
- Mandel, T., "The elements of user interface design" (1997), John Wiley & Sons
- Matlin, M.W., "Cognition" (2003), John Wiley & Sons
- McGrath, J.E., "Groups: Interaction and Performance" (1984), Prentice-Hall
- Miller, G., "Some psychological studies of grammar", American Psychologist, 17(11), pp.748~762 (1962)
- Miller, G., "A chronometric study of some relations between sentences", Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 16(4), pp.297~308 (1964)
- Moran, T.P., "The command language grammar: A representation for the user interface of interactive computer systems", International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 15(1), pp.3~50 (1981)
- Mullen, B., "Produc- tivity loss in brainstorming groups: A meta-analytic integration", Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 12(1), pp.3~23 (1991)
- Nunamaker, J.F., "Electronic Meeting Systems to Support Group Work", Communications of the ACM, 34(7), pp.40~61 (1991)
- Obler, L. K., "Auditory comprehension and aging: Decline in syntactic processing", Applied Psycho- linguistics, 12(4), pp.433~452 (1991)
- Ong, W.J., "Writing is a technology that restructures thought", pp.23~50 (1986), Clarendon Press
- Osborn, A.F., "Applied imagination" (1957), Scribner
- Parks, C. D., "Group performance and interaction" (1999), Westview Press
- Paulus, P.B., "Social influence processes in group brainstorming", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(4), pp.575~586 (1993)
- Paulus, P. B., "Performance and perceptions of brainstormers in an organizational setting", Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 17(1&2), pp.249~265 (1995)
- Pinker, S., "The language instinct: How the mind creates language" (1994), Harper Collins
- Pinsonneault, A., "Electronic brainstorming: The illusion of productivity", Information Systems Research, 10(2), pp.110~133 (1999)
- Putman, V.L., "Effects of additional rules and dominance on brainstorming and decision making" (2001), Unpublished doctoral dissertation
- Rayner, K., "Eye movements in reading and information processing: Twenty years of research", Psychological Bulletin, 124(3), pp.372~422 (1998)
- Rebman, C. M., "Speech recognition in the human-computer interface", Information & Management, 40(6), pp.509~519 (2003)
- Siegel, J., "Group processes in computer- mediated communication", Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 37(2), pp.157~187 (1986)
- Sosik, J.J., "Effects of leadership style and anonymity on group potency and effectiveness in a group decision support system environment", Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(1), pp.89~103 (1997)
- Sosik, J.J., "Inspiring group creativity: Comparing anonymous and identified electronic brainstorming", Small Group Research, 29(1), pp.3~31 (1998)
- Spelke, E., "Skills of divided attention", Cognition, 4(3), pp.215~230 (1976)
- Steiner, I.D., "Group Process and Pro- ductivity" (1972), Academic Press
- Straus, S.G., "Getting a clue: The effects of communication media and information dis- tribution on participation and performance in computer-mediated and face-to-face groupsm", Small Group Research, 27(1), pp.115~142 (1996)
- Straus, S.G., "Does the medium matter? The interaction of task type and technology on group performance and member reactions", Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(1), pp.87~97 (1994)
- Stroebe, W., "The illusion of group effectivity", Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18(5), pp.643~650 (1992)
- Strunk, W., "The elements of style" (2000), Allyn and Bacon
- Svartvik, J., "On voice in the English verb" (1966), Mouton & Co
- Szymanski, K., "Social loafing and self-evaluation with a social standard", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(5), pp.891~897 (1987)
- Valacich, J.S., "Communication concurrency and the new media: A new dimension for media richness", Communication Research, 20(2), pp.248~276 (1993)
- Valacich, J.S., "Idea generation in computer-based groups: A new ending to an old story", Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 57(3), pp.448~467 (1994)
- Valacich, J. S., "Physical proximity effects on computer-mediated group idea generation", Small Group Research, 25(12), pp.83~104 (1994)
- Van de Ven, "Nominal versus interacting group processes for committee decision-making effectiveness", Academy of Management Journal, 14(2), pp.203~212 (1971)
- Van de Ven, "The effectiveness of nominal, Delphi, and interacting group decision making processes", Academy of Management Journal, 17(4), pp.605~621 (1974)
- Venkatesh, V., "Determinants of perceived ease of use: Integrating control, intrinsic motiva- tion, and emotion into the technology acceptancee model", Information Systems Research, 11(4), pp.342~365 (2000)
- Walther, J.B., "Relational aspects of computer-mediated communication: Experimental observations over time", Organization Science, 6(2), pp.186~203 (1995)
- Webster, J., "Microcom- puter Playfulness: Development of a Measure With Workplace Implications", MIS Quarterly, 16(2), pp.201~226 (1992)
- Wheeler, B. C., "Facilitation, GSS, and training as sources of process restrictiveness and guidance for structured group decision making: An empirical assessment", Information Systems Research, 7(4), pp.429~450 (1996)
- Williams, E., "Experimental Comparisons of face-to-face and mediated communication: A review", Psychological Bulletin, 84(5), pp.963~976 (1977)
- Williams, K. D., "Social loafing and social compensation: The effects of expecta- tions of coworker performance", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(4), pp.570~581 (1991)
