1930년대 이후 공후 제작 및 활용에 대한 고찰

Abstract

This paper examines the recognition, production, and utilization of gonghu “harps” in Korea since the 1930’s. Gonghu, first mentioned in written texts during the Chinese Spring and Autumn period (770–476 BC), were musical instruments used in Korea constantly from the Old Joseon era (Unknown–108 BC) to the Goryeo era (918–1392). In particular, gonghu were important to the music of the Baekje kingdom (18 BCE–660 CE) and were spread to Japan under the name “Baekje geum,” (kudara koto) or “stringed instrument of Baekje.” Although gonghu disappeared during the Goryeo era, interest in gonghu has been constant. After the 1930s, mentions of gonghu were published by the well-known scholars An Hwak, Choi Nam-Seon(1890–1957), and Ham Hwan-Jin, who actually bought a gonghu. In 1930, An Hwak recorded documents and drawings of gonghu in Joseon , which he quoted selectively on the basis of Hanseo and Akseo, to which he added his own opinion. In 1936-37, Ham Hwa-Jin purchased three kinds of gonghu in China and played them publicly. However, their names and forms were wrong. In 1941, Choi Nam-Seon wrote in his “Joseon's Common Knowledge: Continued Questions and Answers” (朝鮮常識問答續編 Joseon Sangsik Mundap Sokpyeon) very precisely and accurately about the influx and transmission processes of the gonghu and the relationship between the Baekje geum (and its form) and the gonghu in Kyoto’s Shosoin museum. Since then, efforts have been made to remake gonghu in Korea. The process and results are as follows. The production of Korean gonghu was modeled on the gonghu in the National Korean Traditional Music Center (now called the National Gugak Center) in the early 1960s. The National High School of Traditional Korean Arts made three kinds of gonghu, all similar to the one at the National Center for Korean Traditional Performing Arts. Among them, the Su-gonghu (the name of the gonghu at the National Korean Traditional Music Center) was made using the famous haegeum and sinawi player Ji Young-Hee’s idea and was later used in a performance by his wife, the famous gayageum player Seong Gum-Yeon, with orchestra. The Su-gonghu was used from 1962 to 1978. At the National Center for Korean Traditional Performing Arts, both the Su-gonghu and the Wa-gonghu were produced in 1967, based on the three kinds of gonghu. The newly produced Su-gonghu and Wa-gonghu both exhibited new forms, but they could not be played. In 2002, the Institute for Ancient Musical Instrument Studies (The Go akki yeonguhoe) began to study and produce Su-gonghu. The gonghu that was produced based on the Baekje geum and the icons inscribed on the Sangwon Temple Bell is still played.