고구려 호로고루(瓠蘆古壘) 유적 출토 상고(相鼓) 명문 유물 연구

Abstract

In Horogoru (historic site No. 467), which is the historical site of Goguryeo castle in Yeonchun-gun, Gyeonggi Province, total 13 pieces of pottery were excavated in 2009, including a piece of earthenware inscribed with the letter ‘Sanggo (相鼓)’. Referring to 『Akhak Gwebeom–illustrated text on traditional music』, the land museum which led the excavation began to believe that the letter ‘Sang (相)’ seems similar to the name of an instrument for court music and question whether there was a musical instrument name called ‘Sang’ in the Goguryeo era. Considering the traits of other historic remains excavated in Horogoru fortress, Horogoru is deemed not a mere fortress which protected a border or prevented war but a quite safe-to-reside castle where military officials of high position used to live. Taking account of other inscriptions on the Goguryeo potteries excavated in the Han river basin, which mostly include the manufactures, the time of manufacturing, and the status of users, the letter ‘Sang (相)’ of the full name ‘Sanggo (相鼓)’ on the earthenware found in Horogoru fortress can be interpreted as a symbol of user’s status. According to some records about the position-related name ‘Sang (相)’ or ‘Guk-sang (國相)’ described in the Goguryeo literature 『Samguksagi (三國史記)』, the name ‘Guk-sang’ was used to mean the national officials of high position who used to undertake national defense missions in the border area as well as the capital and perform a role of operating the country’s policy and culture. As a result of referring to the Chinese literatures 『Suseo』, 『Tongjeon』, 『Gudangseo』, and 『Sindangseo』 in reference to the string instruments of Goguryeo era, the name ‘Sang (相)’ or ‘Sanggo (相鼓)’ is not described. However, when it comes to ‘Sang (相)’ mentioned in the books 『Akseo (樂書)–a music literature which describes about music history and theory』 and 『Munheontonggo (文獻通考)–a book which describes the system and culture of the time』, it is described as a kind of percussion instrument whose shape looks like a ‘Bi (鼙)–a kind of drum’ with a leather skin outside. Also, the symbolic meaning of ‘Sang (相)’ is a musical instrument which controls the complicated mind and thoughts, so it was used to encourage excitement and play in harmony with dancing. There is no description about the musical instrument name ‘Sang (相)’ in 『Samguksaki』 Akji (樂志) which is the oldest music literature in Korea, but according to the book 『Goryosa (高麗史)』 Akji (樂志), after the first introduction (in 1116) of ‘Daesung Aak (大晟雅樂)–a kind of ceremonial music’ from Song dynasty, ‘Ago(雅鼓)’ and ‘Sanggo (相鼓)’ were included in the musical instrument arrangement for royal ceremonial music. In Joseon dynasty, the literatures 『Gukjooryeui (國朝五禮儀)–a book illustrating royal manners and procedures』, 『Akhak Gwebeom (樂學軌範)–illustrated text on traditional music』, and 『Jeungbomunheonbigo (增補文獻備考)–a kind of encyclopedia which arranges Korean traditional system and culture in chronological order』 recorded ‘Sang (相)’ citing the identical description from the Chinese literatures 『Akseo (樂書)』 and 『Munheontonggo (文獻通考)』. There seems no relevance between ‘Sanggo (相鼓)’ which was introduced to Korea after the Goryeo dynasty and the inscribed letter ‘Sanggo’ which was found in the Goguryo historic site ‘Horogoru’. There seems, however, to be closely relevant to ‘Togo (土鼓)’, a drum made out of soil, which is recorded in the books 『Gukjooryeui (國朝五禮儀)』 and 『Jeungbomunheonbigo (增補文獻備考)』. Taking these several literatures into account, it is hard to regard the inscription ‘Sanggo’ excavated in the Goguryeo historic site ‘Horogoru’ as a name of a musical instrument having been generally used in Goguryeo era. Also, it does not seem relevant to the instrument ‘Sang’ which was used for a ceremonial music in the post Goryeo era. To analyze the inscribed letter ‘Sanggo (相鼓)’ on the earthenware excavated in the Goguryeo historic site ‘Horogoru’, ‘Go (鼓)’ is the general term of drum and the added term ‘Sang (相)’ represents a status. Also, this name is, rather than a name for a general musical instrument, named after a particular place (or a castle) where high officials used to stay.