고대 그리스 사회의 종교: 여신과 여성 -데메테르의 테즈모포리아를 중심으로-
Goddess and Female : the Role of Religion in Ancient Greece
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이 글은 고대 서양 사회에서의 여신과 여성을 대비하면서 종교적 기능을 살펴본 것이다. 크게 두개의 부분으로 구성되어 있는데, 하나는 역사상 처음으로 고대를 모권제 사회로 본 바코펜의 이론을 중심으로 관련 담론들을 살펴본 것이다. 바코펜은 인류 역사는 아프로디테와 데메테르라는 모권제 사회를 지나서 디오니소스 및 아폴론의 부권제 사회로 넘어오게 되었다고 주장한다. 다른 두 번째 중심 되는 내용은 첫 번째 내용과의 관련성 아래 그리스 사회의 테즈모포리아라는 데메테르 여신 축제를 중심으로 검토한 것이다. 테즈모포리아는 여성들만이 참여할 수 있었으며, 기원이 가장 오래된 종교적 축제 중 하나이다. 결론적으로 고대는 모권제 사회는 아니었더라도 여성들도 남성들과 마찬가지로 사회에서 중요한 역할을 담당하였을 것으로 본다. 또한 점차 남자 중심의 사회로 접어들면서 경제적, 정치적 권위는 남자들이 독점하였다하더라도, 종교 영역에서만큼은 여성의 역할과 기능이 나름대로 계승, 반영되었다고 추정한다.
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is examine the role of religion and the relationship between women and goddesses in ancient times especially through reviewing the festival of the Thesmophoria in ancient Greece. The Thesmophoria, a festival of worshiping Demeter, was celebrated by women only and was of immemorial antiquity. This paper consists of two main part: the first is to examine the discourse about matriarchy related to the age of goddess, introducing the theory of Bachofen. Bachofen suggested that in the beginning of human history there was a period of matriarchy, explained as a stage of Aphrodite and of Demeter. Later on, women gradually had lost their powerful status and human history has developed into patriarchic society. In fact, gender relations seem less rigid in Homer than in later writers’ work such as Hesiod and Simonides, and archaeological evidences also say so. The second part deals with the worship for Demeter, especially the festival of Thesmophoria. I argue that religion is important for understanding the place of women in the ancient times and the Thesmophoria might be a legacy from the ‘matriarchal’ period. In sum, this paper attempted to consider the functions and significance of the goddesses in ancient times related to the place of feminine in ancient Greece. However, we should not forget the fact that the models of goddess can be separated from the real feminine lives at that time.
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