왕립학회의 생명연장 논의: 수혈을 중심으로, 1665-1669
The Royal Society's Debate on Prolonging Life through Blood Transfusion, 1665-1669
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본 논문은 1660년대 왕립학회에서 수혈과 관련하여 이루어진 논의를 살펴본다. 당시 수혈은 인간생명의 연장을 가져다줄 잠재적인 가능성을 가진 새로운 기술이었다. 잉글랜드에서 활동한 왕립학회 회원들은 동물의 신체적, 정신적 특징이 피에 흐른다고 생각하는 경향을 보였다. 따라서 수혈이 심신의 변화를 낳을 수 있을것인지의 문제에 관심을 가졌다. 그들은 젊고 건강한 동물의 피를 나이 든 동물이나 사람에게 수혈하여 기력을 회복시켜 줄 수 있지 않을까 하는 희망을 갖기도 했다. 한 실험에서 왕립학회 회원들은 유순한 양의 피가 사람의 정신병을 완화시켜 줄 수 있을 것이라는 기대를 가지고 양의 피를 사람에게 수혈했다. 한편 왕립학회가 출간하는 『과학회보』에 수혈과 관련하여 활발하게 투고했던 프랑스의 의사 드니는 수혈에 대해 잉글랜드의 회원들과는 다른 접근을 취했다. 그는 수혈을 통해 주입하는 피를 혈관에 주사하는 약의 일종으로 간주하였다. 그는 수혈이 오염된 피로 인해 발생하는 여러 질병을 치료함으로써 인간생명의 연장에 기여할 것이라고 기대하였다. 드니는 잉글랜드인들과 마찬가지로 수혈이 정신병 치료에 효과가 있다고 생각했다. 하지만 잉글랜드인이 피와 정신상태를 직접적으로 연관시키는 경향을 보였던 반면, 드니는 정신이상이 피의 과도한 열기에 기인한 것으로 판단하며 수혈을 생리학적 치료의 방법으로 간주하였다.
Abstract
The purpose of this paper was to examine the Royal Society’s debate about blood transfusion in 1660s. Fellows of the Royal Society in England tended to think that blood transfusion could transfer physical and mental characteristics from one animal to another. This approach included the idea that a young animal’s blood could rejuvenate an old animal or person. In an experiment, they transfused a lamb’s blood into a man with a mild mental disability, with the expectation that the gentle lamb’s blood would calm the man’s spirit. On the other hand, a French physician Denis, who actively contributed to Philosophical Transactions published by the Royal Society, took a more medical approach to blood transfusion. He hoped that transfusion would prolong human life by curing many diseases, which were considered at the time to be caused by unhealthy blood. Denis, too, tried to cure a mad man but with a different but with a different assumption. He thought that madness was caused by the excessive heat of blood, so he meant to cool down the heat in order to cure him. It shows that Denis looked upon transfusion as a physiological treatment.
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