‘휘어진 갈빗대’: 중세 기독교 사회와 여성에 대한 역사적 고찰
Bent Rib: A Historical Research of Medieval Christian Society and Women
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본 논문은 중세 기독교 여성의 지위와 역할에 대한 연구이다. 전통적인역사 연구와 기술은 남자를 역사의 주요 대상으로 삼았다. 여자는 중요한역할이나 뛰어난 공헌을 했을지라도 자주 무시되거나 평가절하 되었다. 남자와 여자를 함께 포함하는 균형 잡힌 역사를 기술하는 일은 역사가의 과업일 것이다. 왜냐하면 남자와 여자는 모두 하나님의 형상대로 지음을 받았으며 일생을 다하도록 이루어지는 여행의 동반자이기 때문이다. 중세 기독교 여성은 흔히 순종적이라고 여기기 쉽다. 그러나 그런 불분명한 전망은 중세 여성 체험의 큰 영역을 간과한 것이다. 사실 중세 기독교여성은 결코 가정주부로만 머무르지 않았다. 그들은 가정에서 뿐만 아니라일터에서도 활동을 했고, 또한 중요한 지도자, 성자, 저자, 신비주의자, 활동가였다. 우리는 중세 기독교 여성들에게 관심을 기울이고, 그들의 체험의진정한 다양성을 드러내어야 할 필요가 있다. 제1장에서 서론적 언급을 한 후 제2장에서는 중세사회에서 여성들이 어떻게 인식되고 평가되었는지를 고찰할 것이다. 가부장적 사고에 깊이 사로잡힌 종교적, 정치적 남성 지도자들은 여성의 지위와 역할을 무시하거나평가절하 하는 여성혐오적 편견을 주장하고 보급하였다. 그러나 여성혐오주의자들의 가혹한 공격에 맞서서 여성을 옹호하고 보호하는 여성우호적 입장을 취한 사람들도 있었다. 다음으로 제3장에서는 여성 공동체와 여성 운동을 살펴볼 것이다. 다양한 종파, 수녀원들이 있었으며, 특히 기독교 역사상최초의 여성 운동이라고 여겨지는 베긴회가 있었다. 제4장에서는 레오바,빙엔의 힐데가르트, 와니의 마리, 나사렛의 베아트리스, 아시시의 클라레,노르위치의 줄리안, 시에나의 카더린, 피사의 크리스틴, 그리고 제노아의카더린이 소개된다. 제5장은 중세 기독교 세계에서 여성의 역할의 중요성을인식하는 결론적 맺음말이 될 것이다.
Abstract
This article is a survey of the status and role of medieval Christian women. The traditional way of studying and writing history usually made men the prime object of history. Women have been frequently overlooked and underestimated even when they played important roles and made outstanding contributions. It would be a historian’s task to write a balanced history including both men and women who were both created in the image of God and are companions in the life-long journey. Women in the medieval Europe were expected to be submissive, but such a broad perspective ignores great areas of medieval female experience. In fact, medieval christian women never remained as housewives in the family. They were found in the workplace as well as the home, and were among the key rulers, saints, writers, mystics and activists. We need to pay attention to medieval christian women and reveal the sheer variety of their experience. After introductory words in the chapter 1, we consider, in the chapter 2,the recognition and evaluation of women in the medieval society. Male leaders in the religious and political dimension, who were deeply captured by patriarchal thought, insisted and promulgated misogynist prejudice ignoring and underestimating the status and role of women. However, there were those who took a philogynist stance defending and protecting women against the harsh attack of the misogynists. Then we move to chapter 3, in which christian women’s communities and movements are investigated. There appeared various sects, nunneries, and especially Beguines which were regarded as the first women’s movement in the history of christianity. Chapter 4 presents christian women leaders such as Leoba, Hildegard of Bingen, Marie d’Oignies, Beatrice of Nazareth, Clare of Assisi, Julian of Norwich, Catherine of Siena, Christian de Pizan, and Catherine of Genoa. Chapter 5 is a concluding remarks which recognizes the significance of the role of women in the medieval christian world.
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