명 중기 복건 신현의 종족문화 확산과 종족형성 ― 縣志의 서술을 중심으로 ―

Abstract

As new counties were established to accomplish the national authority, the utmost task of the county gazetteers was to actualize the national ideology, treating as their central theme the filial and brotherly piety, which is the core of Confucianism and the lineage culture. Thus the contents and entries of the county gazetteers overlapped with those of the genealogies which describes the history of each lineage, and the cases of the county gazetteers gradually increased where they mentioned the prefaces or the afterwords cited from the genealogy belonging to specific families, which was the results from growing importance the lineage cultures after the lineage building and the proliferation of lineage culture within the local communities. Compared with the genealogies, the county gazetteers is noticeable in having the chapters which correspond to personal biographies of the authentic history. There are many cases of the county gazetteers which recorded under the subdivisions such as the local great persons, illustrious statesmen, filial piety, firm friendship, feminine virtue, and others, the deeds of the local people who had done things valuable to Confucianism of which the main morality is centered on the filial and brotherly piety. From the view point of each county, the appearance of those local figures in the county gazetteers was regarded not only as an index to show its level of the actualization of the Confucian ideology, or the level of the national orders filtered in that area while reflecting the social and cultural level of its community, but also regarded as the glory for the individual and the lineage he belonged to. Thus, the editing of the personal biographies became the major means to realize and spread the Confucian values. In the county gazetteers, the filial and brotherly piety, which is the key element in the creed of the lineages respecting-gathering among the confucian values, was reflected in their personal biography chapter in various forms. In the county gazetteers for the deeds of the filial and brotherly piety, the local great people, and the locally beneficial deeds, their biography chapters mentioned the ones who contributed in securing the survival of the community and of the lineage, and in laying the economic foundation of the lineage he belonged to, while encouraging those kinds of activity. And these personal biographies were written in a plot that filial brings out success, thus encouraged the deeds of the filial and brotherly piety. Also in the biographies of the local gazetteers, we can see their emphasis shifts to the filial and brotherly piety during the times of Ming and Qing, and one example showing this shift is the biography of Chen Yong(陳雍) which shifted its direction of description as a highly evaluated official to the symbol of the filial and brotherly piety. And these shifts were the reflection of the society in which the family ethics and activities came to be their main concerns owing to the lineage building and the proliferation of lineage culture. Beside them, there are many cases of descriptions on holding funerals, building the originator’s tomb, keeping feminine charity, and conducting worship services, which were the deeds under the influence of Confucianism, and they are also the ones which reveals their editors’ intention to spread the Confucian ethics, especially the moral of filial and brotherly piety. The practices of the Confucian courtesies began to spread from the local leaders, the gentry, to the common people. Especially the gentry initiated practicing them first, thus they could raise their status within the community and the lineage, establishing themselves as the leading class. Among those who contributed to the forming of lineages, the gentry played the most important role. Participating in disaster relief activities or contributing for defense of the local area, the gentry not only gained respect from the local people, but also they secured their leadership by leading the lineage activities such as publishing the genealogies, building shrines, presiding ceremonies using their literal and Confucian knowledge, and they came to assume the responsibilities of stabilizing the society on behalf of the national powers. While the divisions among the lineage and competitions among the lineages became intensified, the status of the gentry who managed the shrines and the genealogies was fortified. Also the lineage culture contributed in strengthening the unity within the lineage, but also it had spread beyond boundaries of the family and the lineage, and its example are the roles of the lineage culture extended to the local communities in their defense. This aspect was important because in Fujian where the lineages lived together and the local problems were related to those within the lineages the problems in other areas were easily transferred to one's own community, a/o it was needed to keep eyes on the stability of the neighboring communities and lineages in order to ensure the safety of one's own lineage and community. And in this situation it is natural that the culture of a lineage came to be spread to the other lineages. There are many cases of the lineage culture accepted by the lineage members who received educations, or by the contacts with the other lineages. But from the facts that the county gazetteers spread the various information needed for the formation of the lineages making it shared among the local communities; that their description on a member of a lineage was regarded as an honor raising the status of the lineage; and the local authorities published them as a way to encourage the local community to practice the creeds of the filial and brotherly piety and the lineages respecting and gathering, we can see that the county gazetteers and the lineage were closely related. Especially, as seen in the case of the family regulations preface of the Li’s written by Gui Youguang(歸有光), the prefaces and afterwords of the genealogies or the prefaces of the family regulations that the county gazetteers recorded contained the descriptions on the formation of lineages along with the informations related to the lineage activities such as finding origins, building shrines, and earth fortifications, securing altars. These things contributed to the standardization and expansion of the lineage cultures and justified them, and consequently encouraged the development of lineage.