淸의 北京 遷都와 만주의 北京 移住

Abstract

Even before “Entering the Pass,” the Manchus enforced a strict segregation policy separating the Manchus and Hans. This policy continued even after the Manchus moved their capital to Beijing. Dorgon inherited the Ming Beijing city structure – divided into an inner city and outer city – and utilized this pre-existing structure to separate the Manchus and Hans. Even though the Qing court introduced some policies to compensate the economic losses of the Han civilians who were forced to move, there was no denying that the migration of the bannermen and stabilizing their life took higher priority. One of the most visible but misunderstood policies that signified the segregation of the Manchus and Hans was the Manchu enclosure policy (quandi 圈地). The newly established banner-land around Beijing served two purposes; first is being the spoils of war that the Qing distributed as rewards to the banenrmen; second is being the economic base for the newly settled bannermen. As a result of this enclosure policy, the Han civilians were pushed away from the capital, while the location of the newly immigrated bannermen was concentrated near Beijing. The policy of enclosure reached its height in the fourth year of the Shunzhi era (1647), indicating the movement of the bannermen to Beijing gradually increased over time, but also more or less was concluded by this time. After this, the Qing court officially prohibited any further acts of enclosure, but the prohibition alone did not totally eliminate the practice of enclosure. In practice, civilian lands continued to be subject to enclosure. The enclosed lands were the economic basis for the bannermen, and therefore the practice continued. As we have seen, the enclosure policy was an inevitable policy that the Manchus needed to settle and secure their rule over the new territory; it served as the economic basis that enabled the continuous conquest of the Manchus; it was a realization of the policy of the Manchus and Hans segregation.