明清時代 兩湖 山岳地域 人口 移動과 疫病
Immigration and Epidemics in Mountainous areas of Hubei and Hunan provinces during Ming-Qing period
0
조회
0
다운로드
12
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
The Hubei and Hunan Provinces are located in the middle of Yangzi River area, where epidemics and endemics were more frequently occurred in Ming-Qing period. Despite the value and importance of their social functions, there have not yet been enough study to identify all the factors contributing to those diseases. Therefore, the aim of this article is to investigate the spacial and temporal distributions of epidemics and endemics in relation with their social, geo-environmental and demographic contexts in Mountainous areas of Hubei and Hunan Provinces during the Ming-Qing period. The literature indicates that in mountainous areas it was geographical environments and immigration that had great impacts on the wide spread of the epidemics. Southern mountains of Hunan areas experienced one of the highest epidemic rates due to its unique geographical environments. Also, the harmful air distribution was regarded as a cause of the Miasma endemic(瘴疫) in the mountainous areas. Many people migrated to Mountainous areas of Hubei and Hunan province During Ming-Qing Period. However, the migrants suffered from Miasma endemic because they were unable to adapt to poor conditions in mountainous areas. In addition, the destruction of forests brought about a change of ecological environment, which was followed by a series of endemics. However, deforestation till the end of Ming dynasty caused cold climate change and the decrease of the distribution of endemics. On the one hand, the destruction of forests and changes of ecological environment decreased the frequency of endemics such as malaria. On the other hand, they caused periodical flood disasters, which were followed by a series of epidemics. Moreover, the smallpox was quite rampant during Ming-Qing Period In the mountainous areas. Previously, their geographical remoteness and lower level of population had restrained the outbreak of the disease in those areas. During Ming-Qing Period, however, due to the growth of population, continuous immigration, and exchanges of goods with outside areas, the smallpox was introduced and spread in the mountainous areas. Particularly, once the population reached a certain level, there was a cyclic rampant of the smallpox. These factors were also contributing to the epidemic of other diseases, such as cholera, which was first introduced into China in 1820s, where it widely spread into Hunan province through the trade routes with Guangdong Province.
Abstract
The Hubei and Hunan Provinces are located in the middle of Yangzi River area, where epidemics and endemics were more frequently occurred in Ming-Qing period. Despite the value and importance of their social functions, there have not yet been enough study to identify all the factors contributing to those diseases. Therefore, the aim of this article is to investigate the spacial and temporal distributions of epidemics and endemics in relation with their social, geo-environmental and demographic contexts in Mountainous areas of Hubei and Hunan Provinces during the Ming-Qing period. The literature indicates that in mountainous areas it was geographical environments and immigration that had great impacts on the wide spread of the epidemics. Southern mountains of Hunan areas experienced one of the highest epidemic rates due to its unique geographical environments. Also, the harmful air distribution was regarded as a cause of the Miasma endemic(瘴疫) in the mountainous areas. Many people migrated to Mountainous areas of Hubei and Hunan province During Ming-Qing Period. However, the migrants suffered from Miasma endemic because they were unable to adapt to poor conditions in mountainous areas. In addition, the destruction of forests brought about a change of ecological environment, which was followed by a series of endemics. However, deforestation till the end of Ming dynasty caused cold climate change and the decrease of the distribution of endemics. On the one hand, the destruction of forests and changes of ecological environment decreased the frequency of endemics such as malaria. On the other hand, they caused periodical flood disasters, which were followed by a series of epidemics. Moreover, the smallpox was quite rampant during Ming-Qing Period In the mountainous areas. Previously, their geographical remoteness and lower level of population had restrained the outbreak of the disease in those areas. During Ming-Qing Period, however, due to the growth of population, continuous immigration, and exchanges of goods with outside areas, the smallpox was introduced and spread in the mountainous areas. Particularly, once the population reached a certain level, there was a cyclic rampant of the smallpox. These factors were also contributing to the epidemic of other diseases, such as cholera, which was first introduced into China in 1820s, where it widely spread into Hunan province through the trade routes with Guangdong Province.
참고문헌 (155)
- 穀應泰, "明史記事本末", ~
- 段汝霖, "楚南苗志", ~
- 王直, "『抑庵文集后集』", ~
- 嚴如熤, "苗防備覽", ~
- 嘉慶, "大淸一統志", ~
- "明實錄", ~
- "清史稿", ~
- "同治 『江夏縣志』", ~
- "同治 『江華縣志』", ~
- "同治 『監利縣志』", ~
- "同治 『公安县志』", ~
- "民国 『祁陽縣志』", ~
- "光緒 『蘄州志』", ~
- "光緒 『零陵縣志』", ~
- "同治 『寧鄉縣志』", ~
- "乾隆 『泸溪县志』", ~
- "同治 『大冶縣志』", ~
- "光緒 『德安府志』", ~
- "光緒 『耒陽縣志』", ~
- "道光 『耒陽縣志』", ~
- "同治 『沔陽州志』", ~
- "光緒 『武岡州鄉土志』", ~
- "同治 『武陵縣志』", ~
- "光緒 『武昌縣志』", ~
- "同治 『房縣志』", ~
- "同治 『保靖縣志』", ~
- "同治 『保靖志稿輯要』", ~
- "道光 『鳳凰廳志』", ~
- "光緒 『湘潭縣志』", ~
- "光緒 『湘陰縣圖志』", ~
- "同治 『漵浦縣志』", ~
- "同治 『石首縣志』", ~
- "光緒 『善化縣志』", ~
- "同治 『續輯漢陽縣志』", ~
- "光緒 『續輯咸寧縣志』", ~
- "同治 『崇陽縣志』", ~
- "同治 『松滋縣志』", ~
- "同治 『安福縣志』", ~
- "宣統 『永綏廳志』", ~
- "乾隆 『襄陽府志』", ~
- "光緒 『龍陽縣志』", ~
- "同治 『鄖陽志』", ~
- "同治 『酃縣志』", ~
- "同治 『沅陵縣志』", ~
- "同治 『臨武縣志』", ~
- "光緒 『應城縣志』", ~
- "同治 『臨湘縣志』", ~
- "同治 『宜都縣志』", ~
- "同治 『宜城县志』", ~
- "同治 『長沙縣志』", ~
- "光緒 『潛江縣志续』", ~
- "同治 『竹山縣志』", ~
- "同治 『直隸澧州志』", ~
- "乾隆 『辰州府志』", ~
- "同治 『通山縣志』", ~
- "同治 『通城縣志』", ~
- "同治 『平江縣志』", ~
- "同治 『蒲圻縣志』", ~
- "民国 『夏口縣志』", ~
- "同治 『漢川縣志』", ~
- "同治 『咸寧縣志』", ~
- "光緒 『荆州府志』", ~
- "光緒 『湖南通志』", ~
- "民國 『湖北通志』", ~
- "萬曆 『湖廣總志』", ~
- "光緒 『華容縣志』", ~
- "光緒 『黃梅縣志』", ~
- "光緒 『黄州府志』", ~
- "同治 『黃陂縣志』", ~
- "光緒 『興寧縣志』", ~
- 서울대학교의과대학미생물학교실, "핵심 병원미생물학" (2006), 서울대학교출판부
- 윌리엄 맥닐, "전염병과 인류의 역사" (1992), 한울
- 임병덕, "동양사" (2007), 책세상
- 정철웅, "자연의 저주" (2012), 책세상
- P. E. 빌, "18세기 중국의 관료제도와 자연재해" (1995), 민음사
- Ho Ping-ti, "중국의 인구" (1994), 책세상
- 姜海如, "中國氣象災害大典･湖北卷" (2007), 氣象出版社
- 金賢善, "明清時期兩湖疫災：時空分佈、影響與社會應對", 博士, pp.2016
- 陶禦風, "歷代筆記醫事別錄" (1988), 天津科學技術出版社
- 鄧鐵濤, "中國防疫史" (2006), 廣西科技出版社
- 柳長毅, "鄖陽文化論綱" (2012), 湖北人民出版社
- 馬伯英, "中國醫學文化史" (1994), 上海人民出版社
- 馬伯英, "中國醫學文化史(下卷)" (2010), 上海人民出版社
- 馬天祥, "古漢語通假字字典" (1991), 陕西人民出版社
- 范寶俊, "災害管理文庫･第二卷 : 中國自然災害史與救灾史(3)" (1999), 當代中國出版社
- 徐小元, "傳染病學" (2013), 北京大學醫學出版社
- 石水生, "湘西地名文化" (2001), 香港天馬出版社
- 楊鵬程, "荊江洞庭湖地區的水患與鄉村社會" (2006), 中國戲劇出版社
- 楊鵬程, "湖南災荒史" (2008), 湖南人民出版社
- 楊天宇, "禮記" (2010), 河南大學出版社
- 余新忠, "瘟疫下的社會拯救" (2004), 中國書店
- 温克剛, "中國氣象災害大典･湖南卷" (2006), 氣象出版社
- 嚴世芸, "中國醫籍通考(第3卷)" (1992), 上海中醫學院出版社
- 易法銀, "湖湘歷代名中醫傳略" (2009), 湖南科學技術出版社
- 酃縣志編纂委員會, "酃縣志" (1994), 中國社會出版社
- 張綱, "中醫百病名源考" (1997), 人民衛生出版社
- 張劍光, "三千年疫情" (1998), 江西高校出版社
- 張國雄, "明清時期的两湖移民" (1995), 陕西人民教育出版社
- 張德二, "中國三千年氣象記錄总集" (2013), 江蘇教育出版社
- 周宏偉, "長江流域森林變遷與水土流失" (2006), 湖南教育出版社
- 中國醫學百科全書編輯委員會, "中國醫學百科全書32(傳染病學)" (1985), 上海科學技術出版社
- 曾勇, "湖南中醫源流" (2008), 湖南科學技術出版社
- 馮漢鏞, "巴蜀科技史研究" (1995), 四川大學出版社
- 湖南省少數民族古籍辦公室, "湖南地方志少數民族史料(下)" (1992), 嶽麓書社
- 黃國信, "區與界－清代湘粵贛界鄰地區食鹽專賣研究" (2006), 生活･讀書･新知三聯書店
- Wu Lien-teh(伍連德), "Cholera : A Manual for the Medical Profession in China(霍乱概论)" (1934), NationalQuarantineService(海港检疫管理处)
- 강효진, "瘧疾의 種類와 病因‧病機에 대한 考察", 대한한의학원전학회지, 26(2), pp.133~174 (2013), 대한한의학원전학회
- 김현선, "명청시대 장강 중류지역의 역병 : 호북성을 중심으로", 석사, 사학, pp.2011
- 박현국, "明代의 小兒科學에 關한 硏究", 대한한의학원전학회지, 21(3), pp.1~25 (2008), 대한한의학원전학회
- 오금성, "明 中期의 人口移動과 그 影響-湖廣地方의 人口流入을 中心으로", 歷史學報, 137 (1993)
- 정철웅, "中心部에서 周邊部로 : 明清時期 襄陽府 경제 변화의 특성", 東洋史學研究, 64 (1997)
- 정철웅, "淸代 湖北省 西北部 地域의 經濟開發과 환경", 明淸史硏究, (10) (1999)
- 정철웅, "淸代 湖北省 西部와 陝西省 南部 環境變化의 比較 硏究", 東洋史學硏究, 75 (2001)
- 정철웅, "淸代 湖北省 西南部의 山地開發과 社會變化", 명청사연구, (18), pp.168~201 (2003), 명청사학회
- 정철웅, "환경변화로 본 중국의 明淸時代 - 長江 中流 지역을 중심으로 -", 대구사학, 89, pp.203~231 (2007), 대구사학회
- 龔勝生, "清代兩湖地區人口壓力下的生態環境惡化及其對策", 中國歷史地理論叢, (1) (1993)
- 龔勝生, "淸代兩湖人口發展的時空差異硏究", 中國歷史地理論叢, (4) (1993)
- 龔勝生, "2000年來中國瘴病分布變遷的初步研究", 地理學報, 1993(3) (1993)
- 龔勝生, "湖北瘟疫災害的時空分佈規律：770BC～AD1911", 華中師範大學學報(自然科學版), 2003(1) (2003)
- 龔勝生, "中國疫災的時空分布變遷規律", 地理學報, 2003(2)통권 : 6 (2003)
- 賴文, "中國中醫基礎醫學雜誌", 中國中醫基礎醫學雜誌, (3) (2000)
- 毛德華, "萬全生平若幹史事考", 中華醫史雜志, (2) (1995)
- 梅莉, "關于明代傳染病的初步考察", 湖北大學學報(哲學社會科學版), (5) (1996)
- 樊樹志, "明代荊襄流民與棚民", 中國史硏究, (3) (1980)
- 肖玄鬱, "民國前期(1912－1927)湖南疫災防治研究", 碩士, pp.2011
- 宋傳銀, "歷史時期湖北人口發展空間過程", 中國歷史地理論叢, (2) (1998)
- 宋傳銀, "歷史時期湖北人口與環境", 華中師範大學學報(自然科學版), (9) (2000)
- 楊鵬程, "清季湖南疫災與防治", 湖南工程學院學報, (2) (2006)
- 楊鵬程, "1912年以前湖南的疫災流行與防治", 湖南城市學院學報, (2) (2010)
- 楊鵬程, "長沙市歷史上的疫災流行與防治研究", 邵陽學院學報(社會科學版), (5) (2010)
- 楊鵬程, "兵燹水旱交乘瘟神疫癘肆虐—1919－1920年湖南疫災研究", 湖南科技大學學報(社會科學版), (5) (2012)
- 楊鵬程, "民國時期(1912－1928年)湖南省瘟疫的預防救治措施", 歷史教學(下半月刊), (11) (2013)
- 餘雲岫, "霍亂沿革說略", 新醫與社會匯刊, (1) (1928)
- 餘雲岫, "流行性霍亂與中國舊醫學", 中華醫學雜志, (6) (1943)
- 餘雲岫, "霍亂的流行史", 健康醫報, (4) (1946)
- 余新忠, "清代江南瘟疫對人口之影响初探", 中國人口科學, (2) (2001)
- 余新忠, "嘉道之際江南大疫的前前后后-基于近世社會變遷的考察", 淸史硏究, 2001(2) (2001)
- 余新忠, "清代對瘟疫的認識初探－以江南地域爲中心", 中國社會歷史評論, 2001(3) (2001)
- 余新忠, "咸同之际江南瘟疫探略", 近代史研究, (5) (2002)
- 余新忠, "淸代江南種痘事業探論", 淸史硏究, (2) (2003)
- 黎霞, "1892年襄陽府瘟疫透視", 江蘇社會科學, (3) (2006)
- 伍連德, "中國霍亂流行史略及其古代療法概況", 同仁醫, (4) (1935)
- 伍連德, "上海之霍亂", 中華醫學雜誌, (7) (1937)
- 伍勇富, "1912－1927年湖南疫災流行原因研究", 當代教育理論與實踐, (3) (2011)
- 王一軍, "明代外來流民對鄖陽的開發", 江漢論壇, (5) (1998)
- 李玉尙, "霍亂在中國的流行(1817~1821)", 歷史地理, 17 (2001)
- 張家炎, "明淸江漢平原的移民與階段性人口增長", 中國社會經濟史硏究, (1) (1992)
- 張嘉鳳, "淸初的避痘與査痘制度", 漢學硏究, (1) (1996)
- 張國雄, "明淸時期兩湖移民的地理特徵", 中國歷史地理論叢, (1) (1994)
- 張牛美, "政府與疫病防治－－以1946－1948年間的漢口為例", 華中師範大學研究生學報, (2) (2008)
- 傅樂园, "清代湘南山區的經濟開發及其生態變遷", 中南民族学院學報(人文社會科學版), (3) (2001)
- 馮漢鏞, "瘴氣的文獻研究", 中華醫史雜誌, (1) (1981)
- 黃國强, "明中葉荊襄地區流民與開墾鬪爭", 中國農民戰爭史硏究集刊, (4) (1985)
- 許鲲, "清初皇室與痘疹防治", 故宫博物院院刊, (3) (1994)
- Helen Dunstan, "The Late Ming Epidemics: A Preliminary Survey", Ch'ing Shih Wen-t'i, 3(3) (1975)