18세기 中國社會의 吸煙文化 硏究 ― 담배의 사회문화적 영향과 吸煙禮俗의 형성을 중심으로 ―

Abstract

Since the introduction of tobacco into China in the late 16th century, it spread out quickly owing to the continuing wars, the Qing's conquest of China, and the medical actions of the tobacco. The assertions such as “Tobacco is bad for health.” and “Its cultivation hinders the food production.” were continued, but since the latter half of the 17th century, tobacco had spread all over China among the people of all ages and sexes, and in the mid 18th century, smoking tobacco became a common practice of every day life, it was so common that even a saying like "Meals or drinking may be skipped but smoking can't." appeared, and tobacco firmly established itself as one of the main daily necessities. And the introduction of shisha(hookah) and snuff as well as bamboo pipe brought in the differentiation among the smokers, and gave different levels of luxuriousness to each smoking method. As the smoking became a common practice of every day life, there appeared various smoking tools and smoking cultures. First, like Europe, taking snuffs came into fashion. The snuff bottles was mainly black, and it's because the emperor Yongzheng(雍正帝: 1722～35) liked black bottles. The emperor enjoyed taking snuff tobacco himself and sent snuffs and snuff bottles as gifts to foreign envoys and important people, and it established the recognition that snuff was "a precious gift". Second, when associating with other people, tobacco began to be offered first, and also when treating guests tobacco was offered first too. When sending gifts or paying back the gifts, people sent tobacco and smoking pipe. From these customs, tobacco became a tool of communication. Third, common smoking etiquettes appeared such as "Do not smoke tobacco during the religious service." and "Do not smoke tobacco in front of ume flowers." Also some special smoking etiquettes differentiated from those of the common people were established among the nobles. Fourth, smoking was firmly established as a common practice of every day life as expressed in a saying “Smoking after a meal makes as pleasant as heavenly spirit." or “Smoking and drinking comes together", and these smoking customs remains effective until now. Smoking and smoking cultures left great influence on the society and culture of Qing and left its trails until now. First, tobacco tranquilized the tensions and eased the stresses for the smokers, and functioned as “a grass which brings peace", so it contributed to the social stabilization in China in the 18th century which were filled with fierce struggles for existence. There are many works of literature which praised tobacco it shows the roles of tobacco in that era. Second, tobacco became established itself as a relaxant or a tranquilizer for those who had to endure the hard works, and as in many pictures workers began to smoke tobacco anytime anywhere while carrying tobacco pipes. Third, the thirst for beautiful and luxurious snuff bottles established the culture of garnering snuff buttles unique in China. The trends sill remains now. Fourth, smoking were established as tool for stimulating and facilitating the academic activities in Quing. Numerous scholars like Han Tan(韓菼: 1647-1704), Li E(勵鶚: 1692-1752), Quan Zuwang(全祖望:1705-1755), JI Yun(紀昀:1724～1805), Zhao Yi(趙翼: 1727-1814) were habitual smokers, and it shows a glimpse of the tobacco‘s effects. The arts of tobacco smokes were also a outcome of smoking. And, in the formation of smoking customs, there are three aspects which need to be speculated. First, the roles of the international trades and the social leaders such as emperors were important in forming the smoking customs from the fact that taking snuffs came into a vogue in Europe in the beginning, and then the European customs influenced the smoking habits of the Chinese emperors, and their habits gave effects in forming the smoking etiquettes among the common people. Second, as seen in the customs of no smoking in the worshipping service ceremonies or in the areas of high risk of fire, the national leaderships and social ideology affected the formation of smoking etiquettes and customs. Third, the diverse smoking cultures and their differentiation in Qing society resulted in the differentiation of smoking methods and tools, and it shows that the differentiation of the smoking methods was formed under the influence of the diverse social and economic classes in Qing society.