Functions of Sakha (Yakut) and Tyvan Converbs: From the Perspective of Classifying Converbs

Abstract

This study proposes classifying the functions of converbs into three main categories: clause-chaining, adverbial phrases, and elements of complex predicates and then outlines the functions of converbs in Sakha (Yakut) and Tyvan using this classification. Each converb form differs in function and productivity. All Sakha converbs have the clause-chaining function, and some may take a person/number marking that is partially related to the switch-reference. The Sakha immediate converb is a special form for clause-chaining. The Sakha purposive and Tyvan sequential converbs are almost exclusively used for the clause-chaining function. In contrast, the Tyvan simultaneous and connective converbs are mostly used in complex predicates. Thus, which of the three functions a particular converb has is quite diverse. The Tyvan connective converb no longer has the clause chaining function; instead, it has developed into the part of an evidential and perfective marker.