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미세플라스틱의 해양 생태계에 대한 영향과 향후 연구 방향

The effects of microplastics on marine ecosystem and future research directions

황정혜|최진수|박준우|김강희|허윤위
한국환경생물학회 (Korean Society Of Environmental Biology)|2019.12|환경생물 (Korean Journal of Environmental Biology)|제37권 제4호|pp. 625-639|DOI 10.11626/KJEB.2019.37.4.625

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참고문헌

키워드

toxicitymicroplasticmarine ecosystembiohazards

초록

오늘날 해양 생태계를 위협하는 물질의 하나로 주목받고 있는 미세플라스틱에 대하여 해양생물에 대한 유해성 등의 연구 현황을 종합하고 향후 연구 방향에 대하여 제안하고자 한다. 미세플라스틱은 5 mm 이하의 합성 고분자화합물로, 환경으로 배출된 이들 물질은 물리적으로 크기가 작을 뿐만 아니라 시간이 지남에 분해되지 않아 육지와 해양의 연안부터 원양까지, 표층과 심해에도 광범위하게 축적된다. 미세플라스틱은 해양 생물에게 섭식 및 축적될 수 있으며, 플라스틱에 첨가된 화학물질의 용출로 인한 위험성도 존재한다. 해양에 축적된 미세플라스틱은 해양 생물의 성장과 발달, 행동, 번식 및 사망 등에 영향을 끼친다. 다만 미세플라스틱의 특성은 크기, 재질, 모양 등 매우 다양하며, 몇 가지 특성의 미세플라스틱으로 수행된 독성 시험이 다른 모든 미세플라스틱의 위해성을 대표할 수 없다. 때문에 미세플라스틱의 유형에 따른 위해성의 경향을 확인할 필요가 있으나, 미세플라스틱의 다양성으로 인해 여러 연구 결과에 통일성이 없어 비교 및 분석이 어렵다. 따라서 미세플라스틱의 유형에 따른 생물학적 위험을 추정하기 위해 표준시험법의 도출이 필요하다. 또한, 기존 연구의 대부분은 실험의 편의에 의해 대부분 구형을 대상으로 이루어지고있으나, 해양환경과 어패류에서 발견되는 미세플라스틱의 형태는 섬유 및 파편이 주류인 현실을 제대로 반영하고 있지 못하다. 더불어 플라스틱에 들어있는 첨가제 및 흡착 유해물질에 대한 연구는 있으나, 미세플라스틱의 형태로 생물의 체내로 들어갔을 때의 독성영향에 대하여 알려진 바는 거의 없다. 표준시험법의 개발, 구형보다 섬유와 파편 형태의 미세플라스틱에 대하여, 그리고 첨가제와 흡착 유해물질에 대한 연구가 진행된다면 해양 생태계 및 인간에 대한 미세플라스틱의 영향을 보다 상세히 파악할 수 있을 것이다.

Abstract

Microplastics are one of the substances threatening the marine ecosystem. Here, we summarize the status of research on the effect of microplastics on marine life and suggest future research directions. Microplastics are synthetic polymeric compounds smaller than 5 mm and these materials released into the environment are not only physically small but do not decompose over time. Thus, they accumulate extensively on land, from the coast to the sea, and from the surface to the deep sea. Microplastic can be ingested and accumulated in marine life. Furthermore, the elution of chemicals added to plastic represents another risk. Microplastics accumulated in the ocean affect the growth, development, behavior, reproduction, and death of marine life. However, the properties of microplastics vary widely in size, material, shape, and other aspects and toxicity tests conducted on several properties of microplastics cannot represent the hazards of all other microplastics. It is necessary to evaluate the risks according to the types of microplastic, but due to their variety and the lack of uniformity in research results, it is difficult to compare and analyze the results of previous studies. Therefore, it is necessary to derive a standard test method to estimate the biological risk from different types of microplastics. In addition, while most of the previous studies were conducted mostly on spheres for the convenience of the experiments, they do not properly reflect the reality that fibers and fragments are the main forms of microplastics in the marine environment and in fish and shellfish. Furthermore, studies have been conducted on additives and POPs (persistent organic pollutants) in plastics, but little is known about their toxic effects on the body. The effects of microplastics on the marine ecosystems and humans could be identified in more detail if standard testing methods are developed, microplastics in the form of fibers and fragments rather than spheres are tested, and additives and POPs are analyzed. These investigations will allow us to identify the impact of microplastics on marine ecosystems and humans in more detail.

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