계통학적 다양성을 이용한 설악산과 오대산국립공원 하천생태계 생물다양성 평가 및 적용
The assessment and application of biodiversity for freshwater ecosystems in Seoraksan and Odaesan National Parks using phylogenetic diversity
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생물다양성은 특정 서식지 내에 분포하는 생물종 수를 나타내는 종풍부도와 균일도를 의미하는 종다양성을 포함하며, 높은 종다양성은 군집의 안정성과 생태계 기능의 유지 가능성을 높이는 것으로 알려져 있다. 생물다양성 평가에 주로 사용되는 종다양성 지수는 특정 군집에 분포하는 각 종별 개체수 자료가 반드시 요구되는 한계점이 있다. 계통학적 다양성은 군집을 구성하는 생물종 간의 계통학적 거리를 기반으로 평가되며, 생태·진화적 분화와 생태적 지위의 차이를 반영하고 개체수 정보가 요구되지 않는다. 본 연구에서는 설악산국립공원과 오대산국립공원 내 각 3개 지점에서 담수어류 (19종)와 수서곤충 (49종)을 대상으로 계통학적 다양성 지수를 계산하여 생물다양성을 평가하였다. 수서곤충은 수생태계 지표로 활용되는 하루살이목 (Ephemeroptera), 강도래목 (Plecoptera), 날도래목 (Trichoptera)으로 구성된 EPT-group을 대상으로 하였다. 담수어류는 미토콘드리아 cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI)와 cytochrome b (cyt b)를, EPT-group은 COI와 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA)를 분자마커로 사용하였다. 두 분류군 모두 오대산국립공원이 설악산국립공원보다 높은 계통학적 다양성을 보였으나, 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 세부지점별로는 담수어류의 경우 오대2 (월정지구) 지점이, EPT-group의 경우 COI은 오대1 (계방산) 지점이, 16S는 설악2 (장수대) 지점이 가장 높은 계통학적 다양성을 나타냈다. 계통학적 다양성과 종다양성 (H′)을 비교 분석한 결과, 담수어류는 오대2 지점이, EPT-group은 COI 기준 오대1 지점이, 16S는 설악2 지점이 가장 높았다. 계통학적 다양성 지수는 종다양성보다 종풍부도 지수 (RI)와 더 높은 상관성을 보였다. 본 연구는 계통학적 다양성을 활용한 국립공원 서식지 생물다양성 평가를 위한 표준화된 방법 구축을 목표로 한 시범 연구로서, 앞으로 국립공원의 생물다양성 등급 체계와 보호지역 설정 등 다양한 정책에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.
Abstract
Biodiversity encompasses species diversity, which includes species richness and species evenness. High species diversity is known to contribute to community stability and the potential for maintaining healthy ecosystem functioning. However, the most commonly used species diversity indices have some limitations, as they require species-specific abundance data for each community. In contrast, phylogenetic diversity measures the evolutionary distances between species within a community, reflecting ecological and/or evolutionary divergences and niche differences, without requiring abundance data. This study assessed biodiversity by calculating phylogenetic diversity indices for freshwater fishes (19 species) and aquatic insects (49 species) at three sites within Seoraksan and Odaesan National Parks. The aquatic insects studied belong to the EPT group (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera), which are widely used as bioindicators of aquatic ecosystems. Two mitochondrial DNA genes were used as molecular markers: COI and cyt b for fish, and COI and 16S rRNA for the EPT - group. Overall, Odaesan National Park exhibited higher phylogenetic diversity in both fishes and aquatic insects compared to Seoraksan National Park, although this difference was not statistically significant. The highest phylogenetic and species diversity were observed for fish at the OD2 site (Woljeong District) and for the EPT group at the OD1 (Gyebangsan) and SA2 (Jangsudae) sites. Correlation analysis revealed that phylogenetic diversity indices were more positively associated with species richness than species diversity indices. This study serves as a pilot project for establishing standardized methods for assessing biodiversity in national park habitats using phylogenetic diversity. It also aims to inform various policies, such as the development of biodiversity assessment systems and the prioritization of protected areas within national parks.
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