사과 과수원에서 농약살포시 살균제 Dithianon의 농작업자 위해성 평가
Risk Assessment of Operator Exposure During Treatment of Fungicide Dithianon on Apple Orchard
2
조회
0
다운로드
4
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
BACKGROUND: Dithianon (75%) formulation were mixed and sprayed as closely as possible by normal practice on the ten farms located in the Mungeong of South Korea. Patches, cotton gloves, socks, masks, and XAD-2 resin were used for measurement of the potential exposure of dithianon on the applicators wearing standardized wholebody outer and inner dosimeter (WBD). This study has been carried out to determine the dermal and inhalation exposure to dithianon during preparation of spray suspension and application with a power sprayer on a apple orchard. METHODS AND RESULTS: A personal air monitor equipped with an air pump, IOM sampler and cassette, and glass fiber filter was used for inhalation exposure. The field studies were carried out in a apple orchard. The temperature and relative humidity were monitored with a thermometer and a hygrometer. Wind speed was measured using a pocket weather meter. All mean field fortification recoveries were between 85.1% and 99.1% in the level of 100 LOQ (limit of quantification), while the LOQ for dithianon was 0.05 μg/mL using HPLC-DAD. The exposure to dithianon on arms of the mixer/loader (0.0794 mg) was higher than other body parts (head, hands, upper body, or legs). The exposure to dithianon on the applicator’s legs (3.78 mg) was highest in the body parts. The dermal exposures for mixer/loader and applicator were 10 and 8.10 mg, respectively, from a grape orchard. The inhalation exposure during application was estimated as 0.151 mg, and the ratio of inhalation exposure was 11.2% of the dermal exposure (inner clothes). CONCLUSION: The dermal and inhalation exposure on the applicator appeared to be 4.203 mg - 25.064 mg and 0.529 μg - 116.241 μg, respectively. The total exposures on the agricultural applicators were at the level of 2.596 mg - 25.069 mg to dithianon during treatment for apple orchard. The TER showed 3.421 (>1) when AOEL of dithianon was used as a reference dose for the purpose of risk assessment of the mixing/loading and application.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Dithianon (75%) formulation were mixed and sprayed as closely as possible by normal practice on the ten farms located in the Mungeong of South Korea. Patches, cotton gloves, socks, masks, and XAD-2 resin were used for measurement of the potential exposure of dithianon on the applicators wearing standardized wholebody outer and inner dosimeter (WBD). This study has been carried out to determine the dermal and inhalation exposure to dithianon during preparation of spray suspension and application with a power sprayer on a apple orchard. METHODS AND RESULTS: A personal air monitor equipped with an air pump, IOM sampler and cassette, and glass fiber filter was used for inhalation exposure. The field studies were carried out in a apple orchard. The temperature and relative humidity were monitored with a thermometer and a hygrometer. Wind speed was measured using a pocket weather meter. All mean field fortification recoveries were between 85.1% and 99.1% in the level of 100 LOQ (limit of quantification), while the LOQ for dithianon was 0.05 μg/mL using HPLC-DAD. The exposure to dithianon on arms of the mixer/loader (0.0794 mg) was higher than other body parts (head, hands, upper body, or legs). The exposure to dithianon on the applicator’s legs (3.78 mg) was highest in the body parts. The dermal exposures for mixer/loader and applicator were 10 and 8.10 mg, respectively, from a grape orchard. The inhalation exposure during application was estimated as 0.151 mg, and the ratio of inhalation exposure was 11.2% of the dermal exposure (inner clothes). CONCLUSION: The dermal and inhalation exposure on the applicator appeared to be 4.203 mg - 25.064 mg and 0.529 μg - 116.241 μg, respectively. The total exposures on the agricultural applicators were at the level of 2.596 mg - 25.069 mg to dithianon during treatment for apple orchard. The TER showed 3.421 (>1) when AOEL of dithianon was used as a reference dose for the purpose of risk assessment of the mixing/loading and application.
참고문헌 (17)
- Baker, P. G., "Determination of residues of dithianon in apples by high-performance liquid chromatography", Analyst, 109(1), pp.81~83 (1984)
- 최훈, "고추, 오이 및 사과 재배 중 살균제 Thiophanate-methyl 살포 시농작업자의 노출 및 위해 평가", Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry, 57(1), pp.73~81 (2014), 한국응용생명화학회
- Choi, H., "Assessment of the exposure of workers to the insecticide imidacloprid during application on various field crops by a hand-held power sprayer", Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 61(45), pp.10642~10648 (2013)
- Durham, W. F., "Measurement of the exposure of workers to pesticides", Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 26(1), pp.75~91 (1962)
- Fenske, R. A., "Incomplete removal of the pesticide captan from skin by standard handwash exposure assessment procedures", Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 61(2), pp.194~201 (1998)
- Franklin, C. A., "Occupational and residential exposure assessment for pesticides", pp.317~340 (2005), John Wiley & Sons
- Gao, B. B., "Measurement of operator exposure to chlorpyrifos", Pest Management Science, 70(4), pp.636~641 (2014)
- Grobkopf, C., "A new model for the prediction of agricultural operator exposure during professional application of plant protection products in outdoor crops", Journal für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit, 8(3), pp.143~153 (2013)
- 홍순성, "변형된 UK-POEM을 이용한 한국 과수 농약살포자 위해성 평가", 농약과학회지, 17(1), pp.50~59 (2013), 한국농약과학회[DOI]
- Jagt, K. V. D., "Effectiveness of personal protective equipment : relevance of dermal and inhalation exposure to chlorpyrifos among pest control operators", Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 1(6), pp.355~362 (2004)
- Kang, T. S., "Exposure assessment of Korean farmers while applying chlorpyrifos, and chlorothalonil on pear and red pepper", Journal of Agricultural Medicine and Community Health, 29(2), pp.249~263 (2004)
- 김은혜, "Indoxacarb의 수화제 및 입상수화제 살포액 조제 시 농작업자의 노출량 측정 및 위해성 평가", 농약과학회지, 16(4), pp.343~349 (2012), 한국농약과학회
- 김은혜, "농작업자에 대한 농약 노출의 정량적 측정 방법", 농약과학회지, 15(4), pp.507~528 (2011), 한국농약과학회
- Kim, E. H., "Probabilistic exposure assessment for applicators during treatment of the fungicide kresoxim-methyl on an apple orchard by a speed sprayer", Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 63(48), pp.10366~10371 (2015)
- A comparison of two different methods for assessment of dermal exposure to non-agricultural pesticides in three sectors, "Tannahill, S. N.", Institute of Occupational Medicine, ~, pp.Research Report TM (1996), 96[DOI]
- Tomlin, C. D. S., "The pesticide manual: A world compendium", pp.828~ (2000), British Crop Production Council Farnham
- Verma, B. C., "A new spectrophotometric method for the determination of dithianon in commercial formulations and its residues in foodstuffs", Journal-AOAC International, 82(6), pp.1298~1302 (1999)