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개인적 내심 밖의 존재로서의 Genocidal Intent － 그 집단성에 주목하며 －

Unveiling Collective Genocidal Intent

김상걸
안암법학회 (Anam Law Association)|2016.09|안암법학 (Anam Law Review)|제51호|pp. 439-480|DOI 10.22822/alr..51.201609.439

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참고문헌

키워드

제노사이드국제형사재판소genocide국제범죄international crimes파괴의 의도집단적 genocidal intent개인적 genocidal intentgenocidal intentcollective genocidal intentindividual genocidal intentinternational criminal court

초록

‘범죄중의 범죄’라고 일컬어지는 제노사이드의 범죄정의에 있어서 가장 핵심적인 범죄구성요건은 특별고의 또는 특정고의라고도 일컬어지는genocidal intent이다. 지금까지 국제판례와 학자들은 이 genocidal intent의 개념을 개인적/주관적 견지에서 이해하여, 일반국내범죄의 주관적 구성요건과 같이 개인의 내심 안에 존재하는 어떤 것으로 보아왔다. 하지만 이러한 이해는 한 집단의 다른 집단에 대한 범죄로서 제노사이드 범죄정의에 본질적으로 내재하는 집단성과 상충하여 많은 혼란을 야기하여 왔다. 이에 필자는 이 논문에서 genocidal intent를 개인의 내심 밖에 존재하는 집단적/객관적 개념으로 풀어 설명해 보고자 하였다. 이런 방식으로 이해된 ‘집단적 genocidal intent’는 ‘개인적 genocidal intent’와 구분되는 것으로서 후자가 존립하는 필수적 근거가 된다. 다시 말해 ‘집단적 genocidal intent’가 먼저 존재하지 않고서는 ‘개인적 genocidal intent’는 성립될 수 없는 것이다. 이 ‘집단적 genocidal intent’는 제노사이드의 본질적 집단성을 징표하는 것으로서 그 범죄정의의 정수라 볼 수 있다. 이러한 맥락에서 지금까지 국제판례가 ‘집단적 genocidal intent’의 개념과 ‘개인적 genocidal intent’의 개념을 명백히 구분하지 못한 점은 매우 유감스러운 일이라 하겠다. 이 ‘집단적 genocidal intent’의 파악에는 한 집단이 다른 집단을 표적삼아 공격하는 그 집단적 동기/이유의 정치적, 역사적 이해가 매우 중요하다.

Abstract

The crux of the definition of genocide is the genocidal intent element that sometimes also called ‘special intent’ or ‘specific intent’. Thus far, the relevant international case law and scholars have understood genocidal intent as something which exist within an individual state of mind—i.e., as a mens rea. The genocidal intent element grasped in this manner is an individualistic and subjective notion, which conflicts with the inherently collective nature of the crime of genocide, as being a crime committed by a collective against another collective. In this context, I tried to understand the concept of genocidal intent from a collective perspective, which situates the notion of genocidal intent external to an individual mind. I call it ‘collective genocidal intent’. I demonstrate that this notion of collective genocidal intent is the essence of the crime definition of genocide and that, without collective genocidal intent, there is no ‘individual genocidal intent’. I also point out that what the ad hoc international criminal tribunals inferred from the overall context of violence had not been individual genocidal intent, but its collective counterpart. Lastly, this paper argues that a political or historical background pertaining to the groups involved in a genocidal atrocity is a decisive and reliable source to ascertain the existence of the collective genocidal intent.

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