오르한 파묵의 소설 『눈』의 등장인물 대립구도 연구 - 이슬람주의자와 세속주의자를 중심으로 -

Abstract

Turkey, an Islamic cultural nation, has been undergoing active cultural interchange with Western culture because of geopolitical location between Asia and Europe. Thus, its history is so complicate and various for a conflict of Eastern and Western civilization. Turkey is the best example for showing how to be conflicted, reconciled, and reacted between both civilizations, both religions, and both races. Especially, Turkey is so valuable and attractive to research continuously; that is because Turkey has been developing and stagnating repeatedly in confusion of mingling the Islam value system and westernization. The author, Orhan Pamuk, deal in depth with the various materials and the viewpoints of the conflict in Turkey between Islamic and western culture, and also he deal historical background in most of his work. 『Snow』 is a story that Pamuk stated the incidents during three days in Kars, which is a border town in Turkey, while he was tracing his friend and a hero, Ka. He described in this story the complications of varied people, such as the girl students who adhere to take hijab and the school that try to deter the girl students from their action, people who believe god and people who don’t believe god, the coup force, and Islamic fundamentalists who are against to the West and the republic government. Finally, these all complications are from a big origin, Islam fundamentalism and secularism. In a viewpoint of the Islamic ideologist in 『Snow』, the secularists or the people who pursue westernization disregard Islam and make Turkish Muslims to the slaves for Western. In contrast, in a viewpoint of the secularists, Islamic Ideologists are the enemies who are against the ideology and Atatürk of the Republic of Turkey. Pamuk suggested relationship and conversation among the symbolic characters between each of both sides and direct, indirect meet and logic as the great symbols according to assign equally the opportunity of speaking to each of the characters for describing the conflict between Islam and secularism. Of course, Pamuk left the judgment and the choice about the evaluation of each of the characters through observation of ‘Ka’ as a poet; curiously, ‘Ka’ is a third person who is not only a Turkish but also not a Turkish. This proves that Pamuk designated ‘Ka’ as a hero who is indifferent to realities, politics, and also god, and considers writing poem more important and happier than anything. He pointed out many defects including a part that Western sent many people to the gallows for modernization in 『Snow』; moreover, he also indicated misunderstanding about Western or westernization through Islam. Furthermore, he included acute criticism and negative influence about Islam novelistically in the story, too. In the story, a novelist Orhan who is a friend of the hero “Ka” is none other than Orhan Pamuk himself. There is none of his works that put his opinion directly as a character into the story among all of his work except 『Snow』. Therefore, this novel and the characters in this story are getting near to the readers more in actuality. “Snow rouse up the feeling that life is beautiful and short, all of human being is truly alike each other even though all of hostility, and the world of human being is small although the universe and time is infinite.” As Pamuk said like this, he appeals to the readers for all of the reconciliation and tolerance through the symbol,『Snow』. Eventually, all characters in this story are just human beings that pursue happiness and are consequently similar whether they are Islamic ideologist or secularists.