참여적 위험 거버넌스의 논리와 실천
Theories and Practices of Participatory Risk Governance
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과학기술의 급속한 발전에 따라 현대사회는 수많은 기술적 위험에 직면하게 되었다. 이에 따라 전 세계적으로 위험에 대한 학술적 연구와 위험 거버넌스를 구축하기 위한 정책적 노력이 활발하게 이루어지고 있다. 미국과 유럽에서는 전통적으로 전문가들이 독점하던, 기술관료적이고 전문가주의적인 위험관리 정책의 한계와 문제점들이 드러나면서 최근에는 위험관리 정책 형성과정에 일반시민과 이해당사자들까지도 포괄되는 참여적 위험 거버넌스가 주목받고 일부 실천되고 있다. 이 연구는 기술적 위험에 대처하기 위한 구미 국가들의 위험 거버넌스의 이론적·경험적 경향을 파악함으로써 점증하는 기술적 위험에 대한 안전하고 민주적인 관리 방안을 시급히 마련해야 하는 우리 사회에 필요한 정책적 함의를 이끌어내고자 한다. 이를 위해 참여적 위험 거버넌스를 둘러싼 이론적 논의에 대한 검토에서 출발하여 참여적 위험 거버넌스를 모범적으로 실천한 사례로 캐나다의 핵폐기물 관리 정책과 영국 및 미국의 나노기술 관리 정책 수립과정을 분석한다. 이러한 분석 위에서 결론적으로 이 연구는 우리 사회도 일반 시민 및 이해당사자들을 기술적 위험의 관련 논의에 참여시키는 참여적 위험 거버넌스를 구축하는 것이 바람직하다는 점을 주장한다. 그러나 이는 시혜적으로 이루어질 수 있는 것이 아니라 전문가주의에 맞서 다양한 형태의 기술 민주화를 위한 시도들이 기획되고 실천될 때 비로소 가능하게 됨을 강조하고 있다.
Abstract
As science and technology develops rapidly, modern societies have come to confront with numerous technological risks. World wide efforts are being made to study risks and build risk governance in order to cope with these risks at present. Generally it can be said that technocratic risk governance has dominated most countries so far. Under technocratic risk governance only technical experts and bureaucrats are admitted to participate in the risk management activities. However traditional technocratic risk governance is being challenged nowadays. This paper pays a special attention to recent trends of participatory risk governance in the United States and Europe which emphasize inclusion of ordinary citizens and stakeholders into the risk management processes. This paper aims to derive some policy implications to Korean risk governance building from studying theoretical and empirical trends of risk governance in the advanced societies. In order to do so, this paper reviews theoretical propositions with regard to risk governance in the beginning, and then analyzes two cases of exemplary participatory risk governance: Canadian nuclear waste management policy and nanotechnology management policy in the US and UK. Through these theoretical and empirical studies, this paper concludes as follows: firstly, it is desirable to build risk governance in Korea based on the participation of citizens and stakeholders; secondly, participatory risk governance could be built along with serious civil endeavors to confront with technocracy and democratize technologies in our society.
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