미국 연방대법원의 헌법해석의 진화와 쟁점
The Evolution and Issues of Constitutional Interpretation in United States American Federal Supreme Court
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미국의 헌법이론은 1803년 Mabury v. Madison 이후 연방대법원의 사법심사이론에서기인하였고, 또 미국법사의 헌법해석이론은 법형식주의와 반형식주의로 대립하였다. 이글은 미국 연방대법원의 헌법해석이론의 진화와 그 이슈에 대해서 다음과 같이 검토한다. 첫째, 미국 법해석의 기본이론으로서 법형식주의의 가치중립(value-neutral) 헌법해석과반형식주의의 가치선택의 헌법해석의 차이를 살펴본다. 둘째, 가치중립을 추구하는 헌법해석이론으로서 원본주의(originalsim)가 주관주의(original intent), 원본 의미(original meaning), 언어적 원본주의(semantic originalism), 살아있는 원본주의(living originalism)로 진화되는 과정과 이슈를 살펴본다. 셋째, 헌법소송에서 법관의 가치선택을 옹호하는 반형식주의(anti-formalsim) 내지 기능주의가 권력분립원칙에 대한 해석에 있어서 원본주의와의 차이를 비교한다. 끝으로, 헌법재판 모델로서 독일의‘가치 형식주의’헌법해석이 우리의 헌법문화에 미친 영향을 고려하여‘사법의 정치화’를 회피하도록 미국의 신원본주의(living originalism)가 시사하는 헌법사회학을 고찰한다.
Abstract
Most Constitutional theories of United States America has been stemmed from the theory of judicial review of the Supreme Court since the case of Mabury v. Madison in 1803, and the theory of Constitutional Law interpretation has conflicted legal-formalism and anti-formalism in American legal history. This article took an account of the evolution and their issues of U.S. Supreme Court's Constitutional interpretation theory following as: First, I assumed the differences between the value-neutral judging of legal-formalism and the value-choice judging of anti-formalism as a fundamental theory of U.S. constitutional interpretation. Second, I had to take into consideration of Originalism's issues of constitutional adjudication of value-neutral orientation which have been evolved an original intent, original meaning, Dworkin's semantic originalsim, and Balkin's living originalism so far. Third, it is covered with what is differences between Originalism and Functionalism as anti-formalism, which defends for judge's choice of value in U.S. Supreme court's Constitutional Adjudication, concerning about the doctrine of separation of power. Lastly, while German constitutional interpretation oriented 'value formalism' as model of constitutional adjudication, has firmly influenced with Korean constitutional culture so far, I have to take into consideration of the approach of constitutional sociology which alludes to escape 'politicization of judiciary' by application to Balkin's 'living originalism' now.
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