자율주행자동차와 로봇윤리: 그 법적 시사점
The Robot Ethics of the Autonomous Vehicle and its Legal Implications
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이 글은 자율주행자동차에 적합한 로봇윤리를 검토하고 그 법적 시사점을 모색한 것이다. 우선, 자율주행자동차의 로봇윤리로는 자율주행자동차에 맞추어 수정된 아시모프의 3원칙과해악 최소화 알고리듬을 결합하는 하향식 접근법을 기반으로 하여 그 부족한 점을 기계학습과 같은 상향식 접근법으로 보완하는 혼합형 접근법이 적합하다고 보았다. 다음으로, 자율주행자동차의 로봇윤리의 한계 및 법적 규율과의 관계를 검토하여 다음과 같은 법적 시사점을 제시하였다. 첫째, 자율주행자동차의 의사결정 프로그램은 헌법적적합성을 개발단계에서부터 검토할 필요가 있다. 둘째, 다수의 주체가 관여하는 도로교통의 특성을 고려하여 교통법규가 반영된 로봇윤리를 구성하여야 하고 이를 위하여 관련 법령의 구조화와 위계화가 필요하다. 셋째, 로봇윤리에 따른 자율주행자동차의 선호의 체계가 공익을 저해하지 않도록 조정하는 법적 노력이 필요하다. 넷째, 기술발달과 병행하는규제적 법제의 정비를 위해서는 원리 위주의 규제입법이 필요하다.
Abstract
This paper deals with the legal implications of the robot ethics of the autonomous vehicles. It is proposed that in developing robot ethics for the autonomous vehicle an incremental, hybrid approach should be adopted, because driving cars is related to the safety of road traffic and the interests of other people. At first, it should be formed through top-down approach by combining of the two ethical theories: modified Asimov’s Three Laws of Robotics and harm-minimizing algorithm. The former, modified from the Asimov’s Three Laws of Robotics and adjusted to the autonomous vehicle, is partly suitable for the self-driving program due to its straightforwardness, hierarchical structure and emphasis on the rights of humans. And the latter, a program based on the utilitarianism, is also partly acceptable, because it makes the program in self-driving cars possible the calculation of the harms in case of the imminent accident. And then, upon this top-down approach, the information on the situation of roads, driving culture and other technological considerations should be supplemented by bottom-up approach, such as machine learning. In conclusion, the followings are suggested as the legal implications of the robot ethics of the autonomous vehicles: Firstly, the harm-minimizing algorithm should be scrutinized beforehand that it could be approved by the constitutional values, because in some cases it may be construed as the targeting and discriminating choices among human victims. Secondly, the laws, especially traffic laws should make up for the lacunas, that inevitably exist in robot ethics of the autonomous vehicles. Thirdly, the potential social preferences that may be caused through the priorities shown by the self-driving program should be controlled in view of the public interests. Finally, the principle-based regulations would be better than the specific and individual regulations as the laws that govern the autonomous vehicles, in order that they may always keep pace with the development of technologies.
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