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프랑스의 부르카 금지법을 둘러싼 유럽인권재판소와 자유권규약위원회의 판단에 관한 소고 – 판단의 여지 독트린 및 인권의 교차성에 대한 검토를 중심으로 –

Divergent Conclusions of the European Court of Human Rights and the UN Human Rights Committee on the French Burqa ban : The Doctrine of Margin of Appreciation and Intersectionality of Human Rights

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주제분류법학

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2010년 제정된 프랑스의 부르카 금지법은 적극적인 국가작용을 통해 공적 영역에서의 세속주의를 확보해야 한다는 공화주의적 이념인 라이시떼(laïcité) 원칙을 실현하기 위해 도입되었다. 그러나 부르카 금지법이 종교의 자유를 비롯한 무슬림 여성들의 인권을 침해하는 것이 아닌지에 대한 국제인권담론의 비판 또한 제기되어왔는데, 흥미로운 것은 이러한 질문에 대하여 유럽인권재판소와 자유권규약위원회가 서로 상반된 결론에 도달하였다는 사실이다. 이 글에서는 이처럼 부르카 금지법을 둘러싸고 두 국제인권기구가 상이한 결론에 이른 주요한 원인으로 크게 ‘판단의 여지 독트린’과 ‘인권의 교차성에 대한 고려’라는 두 가지 요소에 집중하였다. 유럽인권재판소는 부르카 금지법의 입법목적인 ‘사회적 삶의 최소한의 요건’, 즉 ‘함께 살아가기(vivre ensemble)’의 보장이 유럽인권협약상 적법한 제한 사유에 해당한다고 판단하며, 프랑스 정부에 비교적 넓은 판단의 여지를 허용하였다. 그러나 판단의 여지 독트린은 그 적용 기준이 비일관적이라는 한계를 가지며, 판단의 여지를 적용한 결과 오히려 인권침해를 주장하는 당사국 내 소수자를 더욱 주변화시킬 수 있으므로 주의 깊게 사용되어야 한다. 반면 자유권규약위원회의 경우, 판단의 여지 독트린을 채택하지 않으면서도, 부르카 금지법에 내재된 프랑스 정부와 프랑스 주류 사회의 시선, 즉 얼굴을 가리는 복식을 착용하는 여성이 일방적인 가부장적 시스템의 무력한 피해자라는 전제를 깨고, 오히려 부르카의 착용이 해당 무슬림 여성의 주체적 표현수단이 될 수 있다는 점에서 부르카 금지법이 교차적 차별을 구성한다고 보았다. 이러한 인권의 교차성에 대한 고려는 부르카의 착용이라는 행위를 단순히 여성의 억압 또는 해방이라는 양비론적 대립으로부터 벗어나 종교적 소수자이자 젠더적 약자인 무슬림 여성의 총체적이고 중층적인 경험을 법적 프레임으로 포착하기 위한 단초로 기능할 수 있다는 점에서 적극적으로 옹호되어야 한다.

Abstract

The French ban on full-face veils (“the ban”), legislated in 2010 upon the republican idea of laïcité, which aims to secure secularism in public realms, was brought to attention of various international human rights discussions on whether it violates Muslim women's right to religious freedom. It is noteworthy that two major international human rights bodies, the European Court of Human Rights ("the Court") and the UN Human Rights Committee ("the Committee"), reached opposite conclusions regarding this question. This article focuses on two factors that may have caused this divergence between two organisations; the doctrine of margin of appreciation ("MoA") and the intersectionality of human rights. The Court viewed that the legislative purpose of the ban, that is the minimum requirement of social life in a democratic society or vivre ensemble, constitutes a valid reason of lawful restriction of the European Convention on Human Rights, granting a wide MoA to the French government. However, the MoA doctrine does not only entail risks for its inconsistency of criteria in application, but also may further marginalise a claimant who is likely to be a member of minority groups; thus it should be used with extra caution. Meanwhile, the Committee, rejecting the MoA doctrine, saw through the underlying premise of the ban which represents the majority perspective of the French society against Muslim women who wear a burqa that depicts them merely as a powerless victim under the patriarchal system of Islam, and pointed out that wearing a burqa can in fact function as an autonomous expression of Muslim women as an independent agency, concluding that the ban amounts to an intersectional discrimination against them. Such consideration on the intersectionality of human rights should be highly endorsed, as it opens up possibility to part away from a dichotomous opposition which simplifies a debate on burqa-wearing into an either-or question of oppression versus liberation, and instead to capture the holistic and multilayered experiences of Muslim women, which are often neglected in both terms of her religion and gender, into the international legal frame.

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