태국의 왕도건축 연구 - 방콕을 중심으로 -
A Study on the Layout and Architecture of Royal Capital Bangkok
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Abstract
This research has been made on what kinds of cultural factors affected the construction of ancient Bangkok including the Grand Palace (Phra Borom Maha Ratcha Wang). The methodology of research includes the investigation of related literature and site visits. The area covered by this research includes the Grand Palace and various architectural heritage located in Ko Rattanakosin of Bangkok. The research result shows Bangkok is not a naturally formed city but a elaborately planned city in the aspects of the shape and layout of city, the layout of royal palace and the architectural forms of individual building. The cultural factors upon which the elaborate planning and construction of ancient Bangkok and the grand palace is based are summarized as follows: (1) Native tradition and folk belief ① Establishment of Sanam Luang as space for community activities including rituals ② Establishment of Lak Meuang for the tutelary spirits of the city ③ Establishment of artificial mountain for worshiping mountain spirits (2) Chinese architectural idea ① Construction of Phu Khao Thong as artificial mountain for urban harmony ② Division of inner court (sleeping quarter), middle court (royal throne) and outer court (Royal bodyguard and ministerial buildings) ③ Location of crown prince palace in the east and location of a hall for Lying-in-State in the west ④ Installation of Chinese stone statues (3) Theravada Buddhism, especially in symbolizing Mt. Meru ① Establishment of 67m high Phra Prang in Wat Arun as landmark of Bangkok ② Establishment of Phra Meru in an occasion of royal funeral ③ Decoration of roof spires symbolizing Mt. Meru (found in Chakri Maha Prasat and Dusit Maha Prasat). (4) Hindu architectural idea ① Establishment of the royal chapel (Wat Phra Kaeo) in the northeast corner of the palace ② Most of the major palace buildings face north or east ③ The shape of the city resembles a conch shell. (5) European architectural element Bold reception of western cultural elements during the process of modernization as shown in Borom Phiman Mansion and Chakri Maha Prasat. In addition, the research reveals some cultural symbols affecting the royal capital planning. Among them, more emphasis should be given to the symbols of conch shell and mount Meru. Conch shell is more than the symbol for an auspicious city. It can be a key to understanding the water-based culture of Thailand. Meanwhile, roof spire and stupa are among the most popular symbols for mount Meru in Thailand as well as in the neighboring countries. This kind of symbols is believed to have wider meaning, a link to a cultural archetype of this region. This belief needs to be tested by a future research.
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