중국 선종 역사 속에 드러난 화두의 생성, 강의, 참구에 관한 검토 - 『벽암록』 제1칙 「달마불식(達磨不識)」 번역을 사례로 삼아 -

Abstract

Masters of Chinese Buddhist priests teach their disciples through dialogue. Some of this conversation was publicly acknowledged by disciplinants in terms of its efficacy. Public document, the name of the conversation, includes a large amount of short stories, which are called Questions for Buddhist Meditation(話頭) This study intends to explain the purpose of masters of Buddhist priests, who have used Questions for Buddhist Meditation for the pursuit of truth, focusing on the creation and application of “Dharma's no understanding” in the first chapter of Bi-yen-lu. For that, I look into the function of Questions for Buddhist Meditation historically. Questions for Buddhist Meditation have been created in the history of Zen Buddhism in China. And masters of Buddhist priests have given lectures, using them. Xue-dou-zhong-xian(雪竇重顯) was a typical person. He classified 100 kinds of Questions for Buddhist Meditation, and attached eulogies to each of them. And Yen-wu-ke-qin(圓悟克勤) gave lectures, using Xue-dou-zhong-xian’ work as their text. The disciples noted down every word the teacher said, and published a book, Bi-yen-lu. It has been a tradition to give a lecture, using Questions for Buddhist Meditation. In contrast, a new method of practice, kan-hua-chan(看話禪), occurred. It stresses the need of concentration on Questions for Buddhist Meditation themselves without thinking of any other ideas. The way to apply Questions for Buddhist Meditation to practice was different. But the goal of Buddhist practice has been the same. Buddhist priests during the Tang Dynasty required to dismiss their obsession with everything, and to get an intuition for the essence inside themselves. Meanwhile, during the Song Dynasty, Buddhist priests induced to get an intuition for the essence individually by means of the stories, which the previous disciplinants left. And it is required to get an intuition for the essence by themselves, stoping thinking of any other ideas and focusing on the stories, which the previous disciplinants left. It is important to mention that the purpose of Buddhist priests has been the same consistently, even though the creation, discourse, and concentration of Questions for Buddhist Meditation has been changed through historical fluctuations.