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세계화, 불평등과 복지국가

Globalization, Inequality, and the Welfare State

이정우
한국사회경제학회 (Korean Association for Political Economy)|2008.05|사회경제평론 (The Review of Social & Economic Studies)|제30호|pp. 157-190

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참고문헌

키워드

세계화Inequality불평등Globalization복지국가Welfare State
주제분류경제학

초록

세계화는 여러 얼굴을 가진 복잡한 현상이어서 천사, 혹은 악마로 보는 단순한 시각은 옳지 않다. 세계화가 불평등을 심화시킨다는 주장이 널리 유포되고 있으나 그 이론적, 통계적 근거는 약하다. 실제로 세계화는 요소가격 균등화 경향을 가지므로 반드시 불평등을 심화시킨다고 보기는 어렵고, 국가간 및 국내의 불평등에 미치는 영향은 복잡다기하다. 세계화와 복지국가의 관계도 간단치 않다. 실제 복지국가의 발전이 세계화를 촉진시킨 측면이 있다. 흔히 세계화가 복지국가를 위축, 후퇴시킨다는 속설이 있으나 소위 ‘바닥으로의 경주’의 증거는 약하고, 상이한 정치경제체제를 취하는 국가군에 따라 다양한 결과가 나타난다. 오히려 세계화가 진행될수록 복지국가의 확충이 필요한 측면도 무시할 수 없으며, 특히 한국처럼 복지국가 없이 개방을 추구한 불안정 국가일수록 이 점이 강조될 필요가 있다.

Abstract

Globalization has many faces. It is neither an angel nor a devil. It is widely believed that globalization makes the world more unequal, but the theoretical and statistical basis of the hypothesis is rather weak. Globalization, through the effect of factor price equalization, may have a downward impact on world inequality. The net impact of globalization on inequality varies among different nations. The relationship between globalization and the welfare state is also rather complex. Interestingly enough the development of the welfare state in the post World War II period has brought about globalization. The basis for the popular hypothesis that globalization causes the welfare state retrenchment is very weak. There is little evidence for the 'race to the bottom'. The impact of globalization on the welfare state differs among the 'convergence clubs'. There exists strong reason that globalization needs and fosters the welfare state, and it gives an important lesson to Korea which has driven to globalization and opening-up of the economy without any serious effort to build up the welfare state.

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