‘폐기물 및 그 밖의 물질의 투기에 의한 해양오염방지에 관한 협약’상 환경영향평가제도에 대한 국제법적 검토
A Study on Environmental Impact Assessments under the London Convention and Protocol
0
조회
0
다운로드
1
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
많은 국가들은 투기에 의한 해양오염을 규제하기 위해 국제적인 차원에서의 대응이 필요하다는 점을 인식하고 1972년 ‘폐기물 및 그 밖의 물질의 투기에 의한 해양오염방지에 관한 협약(런던협약)’을 채택하였다. 그리고 1996년 동 협약을 현대화하고 궁극적으로 대체하기 위해 ‘폐기물 및 그 밖의 물질의 투기에 의한 해양오염방지에 관한 1972년 협약에 대한 1996년 의정서(런던의정서)’를 채택하였다. 런던협약과 런던의정서에서는 사전주의원칙, 오염자비용부담원칙, 환경영향평가의무 등 당사국이 준수하여야 할 국제법 그리고 국제환경법상의 일반원칙을 규정하고 있다. 이 중 환경영향평가의무는 상당히 주목할 만한데, 런던협약과 런던의정서 그리고 관련 문서에서 환경영향평가의 절차와 내용을 비교적 구체적으로 기술하고 있기 때문이다. 환경영향평가란 인간의 계획된 활동이 환경에 미치는 영향에 대하여 평가하는 절차를 말한다. 환경오염이 발생한 후의 사후적인 대응보다 사전에 오염을 방지하려는 차원에서 평가를 실시하는 것이다. 오늘날 환경영향평가는 국내 법률체계 내에서 뿐만 아니라 UN해양법협약 등 여러 국제조약에서 국가의 의무로 받아들여지고 있다. 최근 UN 총회에서 국가관할권 이원지역의 해양생물다양성 보존과 지속가능한 이용에 관한 UN해양법협약상 법적 구속력 있는 국제 법률문서(‘BBNJ 법률문서’)를 개발하기로 결정하였는데, 이와 관련하여 환경영향평가제도 도입에 관한 논의가 주요이슈 중 하나로 제기되고 있다. 관할권 이원지역에서 발생하는 투기에 의한 해양오염도 런던협약과 런던의정서의 적용대상이 되기 때문에 양 문서는 향후 동 법률문서가 개발되는 과정에서 중요하게 검토될 것으로 보인다. 따라서 본 연구는 런던협약과 런던의정서 상의 폐기물 투기와 관련한 환경영향평가 절차와 해양 비옥화 활동과 관련한 환경영향평가 절차에 대해 국제법적인 관점에서 검토하여 향후 환경보호와 관련한 국제문서상 환경영향평가제도를 도입하는 과정에서 중요하게 고려 또는 반영되어야 하는 요소들이 무엇인지 확인하고자 한다.
Abstract
An environmental impact assessment (EIA) is an examination of the environmental consequences of a plan, policy, program, or actual projects prior to the decision to move forward with the proposed action. It is well-established practice to conduct EIAs for activities that are likely to cause negative impacts to the environment. The general provisions on EIAs are well provided not only under domestic instruments, but also under various international instruments. The EIA procedures established under the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Waste and Other Matter (London Convention) and 1996 Protocol to the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (London Protocol) are particularly noteworthy, as they provide specific standards and requirements for the conduct of EIAs. These procedures would seem to be useful sources and guidelines for designing and structuring EIAs under future international instruments. Thus, this paper thoroughly examines the elements and characters of the EIA procedures provided under the London Convention and Protocol as well as relevant instruments associated with ocean fertilization activities, and points out some of the elements that should be considered for the future developments of EIAs.
참고문헌 (25)
- 김정건, "국제법" (2010), 박영사
- 김정은, "해양지구공학 활동 관리를 위한 런던의정서 관할권 확장의 국제기구법적 타당성에 관한 소고", 국제법학회논총, 58(1), pp.71~91 (2013), 대한국제법학회
- 이길원, "환경보호에 관한 남극조약 의정서(마드리드 의정서)상 환경영향평가제도에 관한 연구", 성균관법학, 30(4), pp.555~578 (2018), 법학연구원[DOI]
- Environmental Impact Assessments in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction, "Elisabeth Druel", The Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations, ~ (2013)
- Karen N. Scott, "Research Handbook on International Marine Environmental Law" (2015)
- Robin Warner, "Research Handbook on International Marine Environmental Law" (2015)
- "Seabed Disputes Chamber of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, Responsibilities and Obligation of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities with respect to Activities in the Area, Advisory Opinion, Case No. 17", ~ (2011)
- "Convention of Biological Diversity, Rio de Janeiro, June 5, 1992, 31 ILM 818, in force December 29", ~ (1993)
- "Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context, Feb. 25, 1991, 1989 U.N.T.S. 310, in force Sept. 10", ~ (1989)
- "Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Waste and Other Matter, Dec. 29, 1972, 26 U.S.T. 2403, 1046 U.N.T.S. 138", ~ (1972)
- "Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, Madrid, Oct. 4, 1991, 30 I.L.M. 1455, in force January 14, 1998", ~ (1998)
- "Protocol to the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, Nov. 7, 1996, 36 I.L.M. 1", ~ (1997)
- "United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Montego Bay, December 10, 1982, 21 ILM 1261 (1982), in force November 16", ~ (1994)
- "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change FCCC", Informal, ~
- "Compliance Procedures and Mechanism Pursuant to Article 11 of the 1996 Protocol to the London Convention 1972, LC 29", 17, 2007
- "Conference of Parties to the Convention on Biodiversity, Decision Adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity at Its Ninth Meeting, UNEP", CBD, DEC, pp.IX, 16
- "Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, Eleventh Meeting, Hyderabad, India, Marine and Coastal Biodiversity: Revised Voluntary Guidelines for the Consideration of Biodiversity in Environmental Impact Assessments and Strategic Environmental Assessments in Marine and Coastal Areas, Note by the Executive Secretary, UNEP", CBD, 11, pp.23[DOI]
- "Guidance on Public Participation in Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context, Meeting of the Parties to the Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transbounday Context, Report of the Third Meeting, U.N. Doc. ECE", MP.EIA, 8, 2004[DOI]
- "Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment in Antarctica, Resolution 1 (2016) Annex, ATCM XXXIX ATCM XXXIX – CEP XIX, Santiago, Chile Final Report (23 May 2016 – 01 Jun 2016).", ~ (2016)
- "London Convention and London Protocol, Resolution LC-LP.1(2008) on the Regulation of Ocean Fertilization, The Thirtieth Meeting of the Contracting Parties to the London Convention and the Third Meeting of the Contracting Parties to the London Protocol, P8, LC 30", 16 (Oct. 31, 2008), 2008
- "London Convention and London Protocol, Resolution LC-LP.2(2010) on the Assessment Framework for Scientific Research Involving Ocean Fertilization, The Thirty-Second Consultative Meeting of the Contracting Parties to the London Convention and the Fifth Meeting of the Contracting Parties to the London Protocol, P1.2, LC 32", 15 (Oct. 14, 2010), 2010
- "London Convention and London Protocol, Resolution LC-LP.4(8) on the Amendment to the London Protocol to Regulate the Placement of Matter for Ocean Fertilization and Other Marine Geo-engineering Activities, LC 35", 15, (Oct. 18, 2013), 2013
- "The London Convention and Protocol: Their Role and Contribution to Protection of the Marine Environment, International Maritime Organization, No. 4 (2012)", ~ (2012)
- "United Nations Environment Program Goals and Principles of Environmental Impact Assessment, UNEP Res. GC14", 25, 14th Sess. (1987), 1987
- "United Nations General Assembly, Development of an International Legally Binding Instrument under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction, G.A. Res. 69", 292, U.N. Doc. A, 69, pp.292 (Jul. 6, 2015)[DOI]