보험회사 파산시 선진국 예금보험기관의 보험금지급 사례 연구
A Case Study on Payment of the Insurance Guarantee Scheme for Default of Insurance Companies in Advanced Countries
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본 연구의 목적은 미국 일본 및 유럽 등 선진국 예금보험기관이 파산한 보험회사에 대하여 예금보험금을 지급한 사례를 분석하고 정리함으로써 국내 예금보험의 합리적인 운영에 도움을 줄 수 있는 시사점을 도출하는데 있다. 선진국의 파산정리 방법을 검토해 보면 청산방식은 손해보험사에 그리고 계약이전 방식은 생명보험사 사용하는 것이 일반적인 사례이다. 그러나 국내에서는 손해보험사도 생명보험사처럼 장기보험을 많이 판매하므로 계약이전 방식에 의한 소비자 권익보호가 우선해야한다는 결론을 내렸다. 그러나 계약이전 방식에서 오는 보험계약자의 도덕적 해이를 줄이기 위해서는 일본이나 영국과 같이 보험회사 파산시 계약자준비금 삭감, 예정이율 인하 등을 통하여 손실 분담을 하도록 하는 것이 타당하다는 판단이다. 아울러 선진국의 경우에도 보험사의 파산과 예금보험금 지급이 대형화되는 이유가 보험사의 무분별한 외형성장추구, 리스크관리 소홀 등에 있으므로 독일의 경우처럼 보험권역 내에서도 회사별 리스크 기준 차등요율제의 실시를 제안하였다. 그러나 보험권역에 대한 이러한 제도개선이 은행 등 타 금융권역과 비교하여 규제차손이 발생할 수 있으므로 영역간 균형있는 개선이 전제되어야 한다. 다른 한편 미국의 파산정리과정에서 보듯이 기발생미보고준비금(IBNR), 재보험 및 책임보험과 관련하여 복잡한 소송이 많이 발생하고 그로 인한 자금소모가 크므로 국내에서도 관련 규정의 사전정비가 요구된다.
Abstract
The study examines cases of payment for the insured of the insolvent insurers by the Insurance Guarantee Schemes in advanced countries including the U.S., Japan, and some EU member countries to see what valuable implications they may have for the efficient operation of the Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation (KDIC). The first finding is that defaulted non-life insurers are generally liquidated by discontinuing insurance contracts and paying insurance benefits or refunding unearned premiums to the insured whereas life insurer failures are usually handled by transferring insurance policies to another insurer. Nevertheless, since non-life insurers in Korea also sell long-term insurance products as life insurers do, it would be desirable if insolvent domestic non-life insurers would be cleaned out by transfer of all the policies to another sound insurer because the nation's non-life insurers also sell mainly long-term insurance products as life insurers do. However, this paper recommends that some measures should be put in place to reduce moral hazard which will increase with the adoption of contract transfer. By emulating Japanese and UK cases, a plan might need to be developed to reduce policy reserves and/or assumed interest rate to distribute losses incurred by an insurer's default between KDIC and policy holders. Such a co-sharing plan should be applied to all the financial sectors including insurance and banking to remove a regulatory arbitrage gain or loss. In addition, this paper recommends introducing a risk-based deposit insurance premiums system, similar to that of Germany, to reduce moral hazard of insurers who would otherwise attempt to pursue external growth imprudently and take too much risk in their business. In advanced countries, most insolvencies of insurers were found to have resulted from their reckless management without managing risk properly which, in turn, led to hugh losses. On the other hand, this paper suggests KDIC should check and streamline insurance-related regulations in advance to avoid unnecessary legal conflicts with various stakeholders of insolvent insurers in handling IBNR reserve, reinsurance payment, and long-term development of losses in liability insurance. The more legal conflicts there are, the higher expenses will be, which will cause more serious erosion to the net worth of the insolvent insurer.
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