《혼일강리역대국도지도(混一疆理歷代國都之圖)》(1402년)의 제작 목적 및 정치사회적 배경에 관한 연구
A Study on the intentions and the socio-political process of map-making based on the Honil kangni yŏktae kukto chido(1402)
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The Honil kangni yŏktae kukto chido or the Unified Map of Territories and Capitals of the States, which was produced in 1402 in the second year of King T’aejong’s reign in the Chosŏn dynasty, was the earliest known map of the world from the East Asia cartographic tradition. Before the Portuguese Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci’s western style world map Kunyu Wanguo Quantu or Map of the Ten Thousand Countries of the Earth was introduced to Korea in the seventeenth century, the Honil kangni yŏktae kukto chido was the oldest surviving map in East Asia, which covered the largest areas in the world. According to this map, China is placed in the middle; Japan and South East Asia in the South; the Central Asia in the West; India, the African Continent, the Arabian peninsula, the Iberian peninsula, the European continent and the Mediterranean Sea in the Far West. The Honil kangni yŏktae kukto chido was produced even before Spain and Portugal initiated maritime expansion or the so-called the ‘Age of Great Discoveries’ was emerged in the early fifteenth century. And also it was about ninety years earlier than the discovery of New Continent by Christopher Columbus in 1492. In the history of East Asia, the Chinese junks of the Zheng He expedition in Ming dynasty sailed through the Indian Ocean and Persia, and even all the way to Arabian Peninsula, and Africa. The Zheng He’s expedition left indelibly imprinted the idea of the West on the mid of Chinese in the Ming and Qing period. It was even before ancient remarkable technology of Ptolemy’s cartology was introduced to European countries via Islam. From the perspective of a history of map-making and its development in the Chosŏn dynasty, the Honil kangni yŏktae kukto chido or the Unified Map of Territories and Capitals of the States has brought about significance and value of the development of cartology at the face of transition to “scientific map”though the world or all under heaven (Korean: ch’ŏnha; Chinese: Tianxia)was perceived only as a ideologized and abstracted idea with the Sinocentricbias, which was represented in the ch’ŏnhadoor the Map of all under heaven. In fact, the Honil kangni yŏktae kukto chido was painted on silk fabric with colour inks in a form of artistic wall-hanging on the basis of inherited from the earlier period of edited and produced cartographical knowledge and information adding science, and technology coloured with creativity because the uniqueness of it draws attention from world scholarship. In this paper, I aim to explore possibilities of a new interpretation in the Honil kangni yŏktae kukto chido (hereafter referred to as the Kangnido) by focusing on discourses of map and map contents. For this I will provide a general historical background knowledge of maps, such as intentions and purposes of map-making, the historical-political process of map-making, geographical information reflected on map, and map-makers etc, in the context of how political power has shaped those elements of map-makings. A history of map can be interpreted as a historical discourse or a form of representation. Cartography is theoretically related to literary criticism, history of art, the sociology of knowledge. Map is never value-free, rather value-laden. Map knowledge is a social product. Any history of cartography which demeans the politico-social significance of its expression and description in the map would be an ‘ahistorical’ history.
Abstract
The Honil kangni yŏktae kukto chido or the Unified Map of Territories and Capitals of the States, which was produced in 1402 in the second year of King T’aejong’s reign in the Chosŏn dynasty, was the earliest known map of the world from the East Asia cartographic tradition. Before the Portuguese Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci’s western style world map Kunyu Wanguo Quantu or Map of the Ten Thousand Countries of the Earth was introduced to Korea in the seventeenth century, the Honil kangni yŏktae kukto chido was the oldest surviving map in East Asia, which covered the largest areas in the world. According to this map, China is placed in the middle; Japan and South East Asia in the South; the Central Asia in the West; India, the African Continent, the Arabian peninsula, the Iberian peninsula, the European continent and the Mediterranean Sea in the Far West. The Honil kangni yŏktae kukto chido was produced even before Spain and Portugal initiated maritime expansion or the so-called the ‘Age of Great Discoveries’ was emerged in the early fifteenth century. And also it was about ninety years earlier than the discovery of New Continent by Christopher Columbus in 1492. In the history of East Asia, the Chinese junks of the Zheng He expedition in Ming dynasty sailed through the Indian Ocean and Persia, and even all the way to Arabian Peninsula, and Africa. The Zheng He’s expedition left indelibly imprinted the idea of the West on the mid of Chinese in the Ming and Qing period. It was even before ancient remarkable technology of Ptolemy’s cartology was introduced to European countries via Islam. From the perspective of a history of map-making and its development in the Chosŏn dynasty, the Honil kangni yŏktae kukto chido or the Unified Map of Territories and Capitals of the States has brought about significance and value of the development of cartology at the face of transition to “scientific map”though the world or all under heaven (Korean: ch’ŏnha; Chinese: Tianxia)was perceived only as a ideologized and abstracted idea with the Sinocentricbias, which was represented in the ch’ŏnhadoor the Map of all under heaven. In fact, the Honil kangni yŏktae kukto chido was painted on silk fabric with colour inks in a form of artistic wall-hanging on the basis of inherited from the earlier period of edited and produced cartographical knowledge and information adding science, and technology coloured with creativity because the uniqueness of it draws attention from world scholarship. In this paper, I aim to explore possibilities of a new interpretation in the Honil kangni yŏktae kukto chido (hereafter referred to as the Kangnido) by focusing on discourses of map and map contents. For this I will provide a general historical background knowledge of maps, such as intentions and purposes of map-making, the historical-political process of map-making, geographical information reflected on map, and map-makers etc, in the context of how political power has shaped those elements of map-makings. A history of map can be interpreted as a historical discourse or a form of representation. Cartography is theoretically related to literary criticism, history of art, the sociology of knowledge. Map is never value-free, rather value-laden. Map knowledge is a social product. Any history of cartography which demeans the politico-social significance of its expression and description in the map would be an ‘ahistorical’ history.
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