티무르조 역사서의 동물력과 한 해 첫날의 변화 再考
Reconsidering the Animal calendar of Timurid period and its first day of the year
0
조회
0
다운로드
2
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
This study deals with the topic about the moment that the beginning of the year in animal calendar changed to vernal equinox. This topic has previous studies. Charles Melville said that Yazdi’s Ẓafarnama has the evidence that the animal calendar start at the vernal equinox. But Isahaya didn’t agree with this opinion and prove that in Yazdi’s Ẓafarnama, Beginning of the year in animal calendar is at around Li-chun(立春), exactly the same as the solar-lunar calendar of China (or Turk-mongol). And using the date of animal calendar of ‘Zami al-Tawarikh Hassani’, he said that beginning of the year in animal calendar was changed at around mid fifteenth century. In this article, I agree with Isahaya’s analysis of Yazdi’s Ẓafarnama, but I reanalyze the date of animal calendar of zami al-Tawarikh Hassani, which is the evidence of his second contention. And I suggest that there’s possibility that until the late fifteenth century, beginning of the year in animal calendar was the same as the earlier time, not at the vernal equinox. Moreover, through several circumstantial evidences, I want to support my contention. First, through entire Ilkhanid-Timurid period, Annual tax was collected at different time points. Second, Azerbaijan, where the two financial calendar was mingled with each other, was not of territory of Timurid. Third, Jalali calendar, which start at vernal equinox, had been used along with animal calendar, but at that time there had been no change in the beginning of the year in animal calendar. Fourth, Kerman province, where the Zami al-Tawarikh Hassani was written, was located in the western frontier, and people of this province frequently fought with central government of Timurid, so it can not be the representative of Timurid dynasty. And last, the two Zij, that were written at the early fifteenth century, contain the conversion table of animal–hijri calendar, and these were used until the late fifteenth century.
Abstract
This study deals with the topic about the moment that the beginning of the year in animal calendar changed to vernal equinox. This topic has previous studies. Charles Melville said that Yazdi’s Ẓafarnama has the evidence that the animal calendar start at the vernal equinox. But Isahaya didn’t agree with this opinion and prove that in Yazdi’s Ẓafarnama, Beginning of the year in animal calendar is at around Li-chun(立春), exactly the same as the solar-lunar calendar of China (or Turk-mongol). And using the date of animal calendar of ‘Zami al-Tawarikh Hassani’, he said that beginning of the year in animal calendar was changed at around mid fifteenth century. In this article, I agree with Isahaya’s analysis of Yazdi’s Ẓafarnama, but I reanalyze the date of animal calendar of zami al-Tawarikh Hassani, which is the evidence of his second contention. And I suggest that there’s possibility that until the late fifteenth century, beginning of the year in animal calendar was the same as the earlier time, not at the vernal equinox. Moreover, through several circumstantial evidences, I want to support my contention. First, through entire Ilkhanid-Timurid period, Annual tax was collected at different time points. Second, Azerbaijan, where the two financial calendar was mingled with each other, was not of territory of Timurid. Third, Jalali calendar, which start at vernal equinox, had been used along with animal calendar, but at that time there had been no change in the beginning of the year in animal calendar. Fourth, Kerman province, where the Zami al-Tawarikh Hassani was written, was located in the western frontier, and people of this province frequently fought with central government of Timurid, so it can not be the representative of Timurid dynasty. And last, the two Zij, that were written at the early fifteenth century, contain the conversion table of animal–hijri calendar, and these were used until the late fifteenth century.
참고문헌 (55)
- 김호동, "｢華夷譯語｣의 ｢納門駙馬書｣에 대한 再解釋 - 14世紀 後半 모굴汗國史 解明의 一資料", 알타이학보, 1, pp.35~45 (1989)
- 장샤오위앤, "별과 우주의 문화사" (2008), 바다출판사
- 諫早庸一, "ペルシア語文化圈における十二支の年始變容について - ティムール朝十二支考", 史林, 91(3), pp.42~73 (2008)
- 路易-巴贊, "突厥曆法硏究" (1991), 中華書局
- 本田實信, "モンゴル時代史硏究" (1991), 東京大學出版會
- 四日市康博, "ユーラシア史的視點から見たイル＝ハン朝公文書: イル＝ハン朝公文書硏究の序論として", 史苑, 75(2), pp.267~268 (2015)
- 後藤裕加子, "サファヴィー朝年代記とトルコ暦(十二支)の導入", 東洋史研究, 66(4), pp.663~631 (2008)
- "'Calendars.' ii. In Islamic Period"[URL]
- Ágoston, Gábor, "Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire" (2009), Infobase Publishing
- Akrami, Musa, "The development of Iranian calendar: historical and astronomical foundations", Tārīkh-i 'Elm, 12, pp.1~20
- Bagheri, Muhammad, "A Newly Found Letter of AI-Kashī on Scientific Life in Samarkand", Historia Mathematica, 24, pp.241~256 (1997)
- Bahār, Muḥammad, "SabokShenāsī 3 vols" (1951), Chāpkhāne-i Melī
- de Blois, F. C, "The Encyclopaedia of Islam. vol. 10" (2000), Brill
- van Dalen, B, "The Encyclopaedia of Islam. vol. 10", pp.258~271 (2000), Brill
- Hamadanizadeh, Javad, "The Trigonometric tables of al-Kashī in his Zīj-i Khāqānī", Historia Mathematica, 7, pp.38~45 (1980)
- Hamadānī, Rashīd al-dīn Fazl-allāh, "Jāmi' al-Tawārīkh" (1957), Nashrīyāt-i Farhangistān-i ʿUlūm-i Jumhūrī-i Shūravī-i Sūsyālīstī-i Āz̲arbāyjān
- Harvī, Qāsem b, "Irshād al-Zarā'eh", Enteshārāt-i Dāneshghāh-i Tehrān
- Ḥāfez Abrū, "Zubdat al-Tawārīkh. 4 vols" (2001), Sāzmān-i Chāp va Intishārāt, Vizārat-i Farhang va Irshād-i Islāmī
- Isahaya, Yoichi, "History and Provenance of the “Chinese” Calendar in the Zīj-i Īlkhānī", Tārīkh-e 'Elm, 8, pp.19~44 (2009)
- Isahaya, Yoichi, "The Tārīkh-i Qitā in the Zīj-i Īlkhānī: The Chinese calendar in Persian", SCIAMVS, 14, pp.149~258 (2013)
- Jackson, P, "Encyclopaedia of Islam. vol. 9", pp.283~ (1997), Brill
- Joseph, George Gheverghese, "The Crest of the Peacock: non-European roots of mathematics" (1991), I. B. Tauris
- Kāshānī, 'Abdullah b, "Tārīkh Ūljeytū", Sherkat-i Enteshārāt-i Elmī wa Farhanghī
- Kennedy, E. S, "A Survey of Islamic Astronomical Tables" (1956), American Philosophical Society
- Kennedy, E. S, "The Chinese-Uighur Calendar as Described in the Islamic Sources", Isis, 55(4), pp.435~443 (1964)
- Kermānī, Afzal al-dīn Abū ḥāmed, "Tārīkh Afzal", Dāneshghāh-i Tehrān
- Khwandamir, "Habīb al-Sīyār. vol. 3, Part 1: Chinghis Khan-Amīr Temür" (1994), Harvard University
- King, D. A, "Encyclopaedia of Islam. vol. 11", pp.496~508 (2002), Brill
- Matsui, D, "An Uigur Decree of Tax Exemption in the Name of Duwa-Khan", Proceedings of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences, 47(4), pp.1096~ (2011)
- Matsui, D, "A Turkic-Persian Decree of Timurid Mīrān Šāh of 800 AH", 1398 CE, 2015, pp.50, 53~75
- Melville, Charles, "The Chinese-Uighur Animal Calendar in Persian Historiography of the Mongol Period", Iran, 32, pp.83~98 (1994)
- Minovi, M, "Naṣīr al-Dīn Ṭūsī on Finance", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 10(3), pp.755~789 (1940), University of London
- Monfared, Mahdi Farhani, "Sharaf al-Dīn ‘Alī Yazdī: Historian and Mathematician", Iranian Studies, 41(4), pp.537~547 (2008)
- Nobuaki, Kondo, "Persian Documents: Social History of Iran and Turan in the 15th-19th Centuries" (2003), Routledge Curxon
- Panaino, A, "Calendars", The Encyclopaedia of Iran, 4, pp.657~677
- Ptolemy, "Ptolemy's Almagest" (1998), Princeton University Press
- Ptolemy, "Tetrabiblos" (1940), Harvard University Press
- Ragep, F. J., "Nasir al-Din al-Tusi's Memoir on Astronomy" (1993), Springer-Verlag
- Samarqandī. Kamāl al-dīn Abdālrazāq, "Maṭla' Sa'dayn wa Majma' Baḥ rayn 4 vols", Mo'asese Moṭāle'āt wa Taḥqīqāt-i Farhanghī
- Samso, J., "An Outline of the History of Maghribī Zijes from the end of the Thirteenth Century", JHA, 31, pp.93~102 (1998)
- Schurmann, H. F., "Mongolian Tributary Practices of the Thirteenth Century", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 19(3, pp.4) (1956), 304~389
- Sédillot, "Prolégomènes des tables astronomiques d'Oloug-Beg publiés" (1853), Typographie de Firmin Didot Fréres
- Shāmī, Nizām al-dīn, "Ẓ afar nāma", Enteshārāt-i Bāmdād
- Smith, John Masson, "Mongol and Nomadic Taxation", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 30, pp.46~85 (1970)
- Subtelny, Maria Eva, "Centralizing Reform and Its Opponents in the Late Timurid Period", Iranian Studies, 21(1, pp.2) (1988), 123~151[DOI]
- Subtelny, Maria Eva, "Timurids in Transition: Turko-Persian Politics and Acculturation in Medieval Iran" (2007), Brill
- Taani, Osama, "Multiple Paths to Mathematics Practice in Al-Kashi's Key to Arithmetic", pp.1~17 (2013), Springer Science+Business Media
- al-Tabarī, "The History of al-Tabar. vol. 5" (1999), State University of New York Press
- Taqizadeh, S. H., "The Encyclopaedia of Islam vol. 2", pp.397~400 (1991), Brill
- Taqizadeh, S. H., "Various Eras and Calendars Used in the Countries of Islam", Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, 9(4), pp.903~922 (1939), University of London
- Taqizadeh, S. H., "Various Eras and Calendars Used in the Countries of Islam", Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, 10(1), pp.107~132 (1940), University of London
- Tauer, Felix, "History of Iranian Literature", pp.419~482 (1968), D. Reidel Publishing Company
- Yazdī, Sharaf al-dīn 'Alī. Ẓ afar nāma, "Sayyīd S'aīd Mīr Muḥammad Ṣādeq ed", Markaz-i Asnād Majles
- Yazdī, Tāj al-dīn Ḥassan, "Jāme' al-Tawārīkh-i Ḥ assanī" (1987), Dāneshghāh-i Karāchī