北魏時代 平城地域 출토 금속공예품의 국제성
Metal Objects from Ancient Pingcheng Sites and Northern Wei Internationalism
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Many archaeological excavations have been conducted in the last 50 years in the Datong region in China, where Pingcheng was the ancient capital city in the Northern Wei dynasty under the Tuoba Xianbei rulers. During these excavations, many unknown and unexpected metal objects were discovered that had not been described in any historical documents on the Tuoba Xianbei culture. Although these objects have been researched by the scholars worldwide who study ancient silk roads during the Northern Wei period, there are many debates on the cultural meaning of the Western-style objects made of gold and silver or gilt bronze. In this paper, I have reviewed the current state of knowledge on the ancient metal objects from ancient Pingcheng sites from archaeological and art historical perspectives. There were not many metal objects made of gold and silver in the ancient tombs of the Northen Wei Pingcheng period, but Western styles and techniques have been revealed in objects found in western Turkestan regions such as Bactria or Gandhara. The most important of these objects is the Eight-lobed silver bowl with the Bactrian inscription of the Alkhan King name “Khingila”. It was excavated at Gongnonglu site of Datong city, in 1970. The other gilt silver round plate with a man hunting boars was discovered in Feng Hetu's Tomb in 1981. The repoussé technique and decorative design exhibit the hybrid style of Sasanid and Kidarite or other nomadic tribes such as Hephtalite. A pair of gold earrings decorated with many gemstones that was excavated at the Han Farong's Tomb showed an exotic style from ancient Gandhara or Greco-Bactrian jewelery. However, some bronze pieces from ancient Pingcheng sites might have come from the southern China. Although there are only a few examples of metal objects with Western and exotic styles, they reveal the cultural internationalism that represents a mixture of the vast central Eurasian regions and diverse cultures in the Pingcheng region during the ealry Northern Wei period. The hybrid and international cultural style in the Pingcheng region might have come from the multiethnic-based internationalism of the Northern Wei identity under the Tuoba Xianbei nomadism.
Abstract
Many archaeological excavations have been conducted in the last 50 years in the Datong region in China, where Pingcheng was the ancient capital city in the Northern Wei dynasty under the Tuoba Xianbei rulers. During these excavations, many unknown and unexpected metal objects were discovered that had not been described in any historical documents on the Tuoba Xianbei culture. Although these objects have been researched by the scholars worldwide who study ancient silk roads during the Northern Wei period, there are many debates on the cultural meaning of the Western-style objects made of gold and silver or gilt bronze. In this paper, I have reviewed the current state of knowledge on the ancient metal objects from ancient Pingcheng sites from archaeological and art historical perspectives. There were not many metal objects made of gold and silver in the ancient tombs of the Northen Wei Pingcheng period, but Western styles and techniques have been revealed in objects found in western Turkestan regions such as Bactria or Gandhara. The most important of these objects is the Eight-lobed silver bowl with the Bactrian inscription of the Alkhan King name “Khingila”. It was excavated at Gongnonglu site of Datong city, in 1970. The other gilt silver round plate with a man hunting boars was discovered in Feng Hetu's Tomb in 1981. The repoussé technique and decorative design exhibit the hybrid style of Sasanid and Kidarite or other nomadic tribes such as Hephtalite. A pair of gold earrings decorated with many gemstones that was excavated at the Han Farong's Tomb showed an exotic style from ancient Gandhara or Greco-Bactrian jewelery. However, some bronze pieces from ancient Pingcheng sites might have come from the southern China. Although there are only a few examples of metal objects with Western and exotic styles, they reveal the cultural internationalism that represents a mixture of the vast central Eurasian regions and diverse cultures in the Pingcheng region during the ealry Northern Wei period. The hybrid and international cultural style in the Pingcheng region might have come from the multiethnic-based internationalism of the Northern Wei identity under the Tuoba Xianbei nomadism.
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