“인간은 친절의 노예다” ― 사우가(sauγa) 문화와 몽골제국 사회･경제･정치 네트워크 ―
“Man is the Slave of Kindness” ―A Gift(Sauγa)-giving Culture and Socioeconomic and Political Networks in the Mongol Empire―
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This paper examines the culture of the sauγa in the Mongol empire and the apparently new type of individual and society it created, which spawned political networks focused on securing political, social and economic gain from the Mongols. Meaning “gift, bribes, goods, and human affairs” in medieval Mongolian, the sauγa functioned as a medium of exchange serving the networks of politics, economy, and culture that integrated the society of the Mongol empire. Having long favored gift-giving, a practice that dates back to the traditional nomadic culture of the steppe, the Mongols preserved the custom as a political tactic under the Great Qans. Consequently, gifts and bribes served the function of connecting the many diverse people of the Qa’an ulus. Literati, for example, bestowed gifts on officials and other people in power from whom they wished to obtain a governmental post, gain commercial profits, win help in lawsuits, and secure assistance in controlling officials and their governmental offices. Through such means, they could even influence a Great Qan. A number of historical sources reveal how observers of rulers and their officials “accurately” sensed the ways in which their subjects brazenly offered “[bribe-like] gifts” and “washed hands for flattery” for personal gain, often satirizing them. Many Great Qans developed anti-corruption policies in order to defend imperial wealth and interest; however, in the end, they could never relinquish both gifts and anti-corruption policies as useful political instruments in the sauγa networks.
Abstract
This paper examines the culture of the sauγa in the Mongol empire and the apparently new type of individual and society it created, which spawned political networks focused on securing political, social and economic gain from the Mongols. Meaning “gift, bribes, goods, and human affairs” in medieval Mongolian, the sauγa functioned as a medium of exchange serving the networks of politics, economy, and culture that integrated the society of the Mongol empire. Having long favored gift-giving, a practice that dates back to the traditional nomadic culture of the steppe, the Mongols preserved the custom as a political tactic under the Great Qans. Consequently, gifts and bribes served the function of connecting the many diverse people of the Qa’an ulus. Literati, for example, bestowed gifts on officials and other people in power from whom they wished to obtain a governmental post, gain commercial profits, win help in lawsuits, and secure assistance in controlling officials and their governmental offices. Through such means, they could even influence a Great Qan. A number of historical sources reveal how observers of rulers and their officials “accurately” sensed the ways in which their subjects brazenly offered “[bribe-like] gifts” and “washed hands for flattery” for personal gain, often satirizing them. Many Great Qans developed anti-corruption policies in order to defend imperial wealth and interest; however, in the end, they could never relinquish both gifts and anti-corruption policies as useful political instruments in the sauγa networks.
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