몽골 제국 카안울루스에서 연료 소비와 사회·경제 변화
Fuel Consumption and Social and Economic Changes in the Qa’an Ulus of the Mongol Empire
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This study examines the fuel consumption and its effect on social, economic, ecological changes in the Mongol Empire. Trees had been used as fuel along with animal droppings and dried grass for a long time. Meanwhile, the Mongols hardly seemed to damage forests. Logging started to show a rise in the process of empire building. As large-scale Mongol armies carried out military operations and Han Chinese people flowed into armies and cities, firewood consumption was remarkably escalated. While new immigrants affected patterns of wood consumption in Mongolia, the Mongols had their own needs to firewood in their winter camps. Many trees were also used to build cities, temples, and military camps in Northern Mongolia. The imperial court in the south of the Govi Desert showed much higher regard to trees than in the north of the Desert. The Firewood Offices in Da-du and Shang-du were established to serve firewood and charcoal to the imperial court. Recent excavation explains the existence of charcoal households in Shang-du. Trees were used for firewood, salt production, military campaigns, civil engineering, ship building, irrigative facilities, canal system and others. High productivity of trees and rise of wood consumption in Southern Mongolia and China seriously destroyed some forests in the areas of the capital cities. This brought daily coal consumption by residents in the Mongol capitals since from the early fourteenth century. This expresses that the Mongols recovered coal production and related industries from their initial destruction in China and other conquered lands.
Abstract
This study examines the fuel consumption and its effect on social, economic, ecological changes in the Mongol Empire. Trees had been used as fuel along with animal droppings and dried grass for a long time. Meanwhile, the Mongols hardly seemed to damage forests. Logging started to show a rise in the process of empire building. As large-scale Mongol armies carried out military operations and Han Chinese people flowed into armies and cities, firewood consumption was remarkably escalated. While new immigrants affected patterns of wood consumption in Mongolia, the Mongols had their own needs to firewood in their winter camps. Many trees were also used to build cities, temples, and military camps in Northern Mongolia. The imperial court in the south of the Govi Desert showed much higher regard to trees than in the north of the Desert. The Firewood Offices in Da-du and Shang-du were established to serve firewood and charcoal to the imperial court. Recent excavation explains the existence of charcoal households in Shang-du. Trees were used for firewood, salt production, military campaigns, civil engineering, ship building, irrigative facilities, canal system and others. High productivity of trees and rise of wood consumption in Southern Mongolia and China seriously destroyed some forests in the areas of the capital cities. This brought daily coal consumption by residents in the Mongol capitals since from the early fourteenth century. This expresses that the Mongols recovered coal production and related industries from their initial destruction in China and other conquered lands.
참고문헌 (107)
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