13~14세기 몽골초원의 물적 기반과 유목경제의 지속성 고찰
Material Resources and Continuity of Pastoral Nomadism in Mongolia during the Thirteenth and the Fourteenth Centuries
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This paper examines long-term continuity of pastoral nomadism and its impetus on the Mongol Empire from the thirteenth to the fourteenth centuries by using new quantitative data of livestock from scattered sources. Pastoral nomadism served as the nexus that connected various types of production in the Mongol steppe societies. Despite long-term belief that nomadic economy is vulnerable to climate changes and other natural limits, the new evidence demonstrates that it was superior in labor economization and productivity per capita to sedentary economy. For example, a shepherd boy or ūlāqchī (herdsman) could raise two thousand (2000) sheep or one hundred (100) to two hundred fifty (250) horses. Shepherd boys would even play shagai, ankle bone shooting during their stock breeding. An average Mongol nomad consumed one sheep of thirty (30) jin 斤 per month in a standard. He could well survive with six sheep for one year with the help of six-month animal hunting. These data inform that a shepherd might feed forty (40) to three hundred thirty (330) persons per year aside from various variables. Low labor intensity and simple legal system was a source of long-lasting continuity of nomadism and a catalyst to induce Chinese borderers to the Mongol steppe to the north. While nomadism was outperformed by farming in total output, the former was more efficient than the latter in labor economization and productivity per capita. However, gaps between the rich and the poor among nomads were huge. The Mongols counterbalanced the gaps with reciprocity among individuals or in their communities. Arguments that nomads in the steppe were poor because of unstable economy do not have firm grounds. Though partly accepted, those claims were not based on insufficient productivity of nomadism but on unevenness of wealth. Alleged primitiveness of nomadism does not necessarily suggest that nomadic economy is weak. On the contrary, but historical examples demonstrate that pastoral nomadism produced high labor efficiency in the steppe environment and still persist. Therefore, image of nomadism’s fragility resulted from enduring prejudice by sedentary people.
Abstract
This paper examines long-term continuity of pastoral nomadism and its impetus on the Mongol Empire from the thirteenth to the fourteenth centuries by using new quantitative data of livestock from scattered sources. Pastoral nomadism served as the nexus that connected various types of production in the Mongol steppe societies. Despite long-term belief that nomadic economy is vulnerable to climate changes and other natural limits, the new evidence demonstrates that it was superior in labor economization and productivity per capita to sedentary economy. For example, a shepherd boy or ūlāqchī (herdsman) could raise two thousand (2000) sheep or one hundred (100) to two hundred fifty (250) horses. Shepherd boys would even play shagai, ankle bone shooting during their stock breeding. An average Mongol nomad consumed one sheep of thirty (30) jin 斤 per month in a standard. He could well survive with six sheep for one year with the help of six-month animal hunting. These data inform that a shepherd might feed forty (40) to three hundred thirty (330) persons per year aside from various variables. Low labor intensity and simple legal system was a source of long-lasting continuity of nomadism and a catalyst to induce Chinese borderers to the Mongol steppe to the north. While nomadism was outperformed by farming in total output, the former was more efficient than the latter in labor economization and productivity per capita. However, gaps between the rich and the poor among nomads were huge. The Mongols counterbalanced the gaps with reciprocity among individuals or in their communities. Arguments that nomads in the steppe were poor because of unstable economy do not have firm grounds. Though partly accepted, those claims were not based on insufficient productivity of nomadism but on unevenness of wealth. Alleged primitiveness of nomadism does not necessarily suggest that nomadic economy is weak. On the contrary, but historical examples demonstrate that pastoral nomadism produced high labor efficiency in the steppe environment and still persist. Therefore, image of nomadism’s fragility resulted from enduring prejudice by sedentary people.
참고문헌 (147)
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