17세기 중앙아시아초원의 4오이라드연합과 호이드
The Four Oirad Confederation and Khoid Aristocracy on the Seventeenth-Century Central Asian Steppe
0
조회
0
다운로드
4
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
This article examines the political status and role of the Khoid aristocracy within the Four Oirad Confederation on the seventeenth-century Central Asian steppe. In the early to mid-fifteenth century, the Khoid aristocracy was one of the core ruling groups of the Oirad Empire and possessed vast appanages on the Mongolian steppe. During the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, however, the Khoid aristocracy lost its main domain on the Mongolian steppe due to the aggressive campaigns by the Khalkha Mongols. As a result, part of the Khoid aristocracy crossed the Altai Mountains and moved south to the Central Asian steppe, where they joined the Four Oirad Confederation. Within the Oirad confederacy, the Khoid nobility did not function as a principal member. As a secondary constituent, Khoid aristocrats participated in numerous joint enterprises of the Four Oirad Confederation. In the mid-seventeenth century, two factions emerged within the Four Oirad Confederation; hence, factional struggles ensued regarding political and military issues. The Khoid aristocracy took advantage of the factional conflict, considerably elevating its status within the Oirad confederacy. The end of the Oirad factionalism in 1661 caused the Khoshuud, Zunghar, and Khoid nobilities––who had once constituted the same clique––to pursue individualized paths toward the development and expansion of their respective principalities. For example, the Khoshuud, Zunghar, and Khoid principalities competed with each other to enhance their power and influence in the Tarim Basin. The Khoid aristocracy substantially strengthened its influence and presence in the oasis region by actively intervening in politico-military conflicts within the Moghul Khanate. The competition among the Oirad aristocratic houses in the Tarim Basin eventually led to the enmity between the Khoid nobility and the Zunghar ruling lineage. Thus, the Khoid aristocracy allied with Ochir Tsetsen Khan’s Khoshuuds and Tsöökör Ubashi’s Zunghars, forming a new faction to compete with the Zunghars of Sengge and his successors.
Abstract
This article examines the political status and role of the Khoid aristocracy within the Four Oirad Confederation on the seventeenth-century Central Asian steppe. In the early to mid-fifteenth century, the Khoid aristocracy was one of the core ruling groups of the Oirad Empire and possessed vast appanages on the Mongolian steppe. During the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, however, the Khoid aristocracy lost its main domain on the Mongolian steppe due to the aggressive campaigns by the Khalkha Mongols. As a result, part of the Khoid aristocracy crossed the Altai Mountains and moved south to the Central Asian steppe, where they joined the Four Oirad Confederation. Within the Oirad confederacy, the Khoid nobility did not function as a principal member. As a secondary constituent, Khoid aristocrats participated in numerous joint enterprises of the Four Oirad Confederation. In the mid-seventeenth century, two factions emerged within the Four Oirad Confederation; hence, factional struggles ensued regarding political and military issues. The Khoid aristocracy took advantage of the factional conflict, considerably elevating its status within the Oirad confederacy. The end of the Oirad factionalism in 1661 caused the Khoshuud, Zunghar, and Khoid nobilities––who had once constituted the same clique––to pursue individualized paths toward the development and expansion of their respective principalities. For example, the Khoshuud, Zunghar, and Khoid principalities competed with each other to enhance their power and influence in the Tarim Basin. The Khoid aristocracy substantially strengthened its influence and presence in the oasis region by actively intervening in politico-military conflicts within the Moghul Khanate. The competition among the Oirad aristocratic houses in the Tarim Basin eventually led to the enmity between the Khoid nobility and the Zunghar ruling lineage. Thus, the Khoid aristocracy allied with Ochir Tsetsen Khan’s Khoshuuds and Tsöökör Ubashi’s Zunghars, forming a new faction to compete with the Zunghars of Sengge and his successors.
참고문헌 (36)
- "軍機處滿文錄副奏摺", 中國第一歷史檔案館 소장, ~
- Gaban Sharaw, "Garban Sharawyn zokhioson tod üsgiĭn dörwön Oĭradyn tüükh", 몽골국립중앙도서관 필사본 자료고, 문서번호 1407-96, ~
- 中國第一歷史檔案館, "清代新疆滿文檔案彙編" (2012), 廣西師範大學出版社
- Anon, "Ertniĭ Mongolyn khaadyn ündesniĭ ikh shar tuuj (Erten-ü Mongġol-un qad-un ündüsün-ü yeke sir-a tuġuji)" (2011), Bolor sudar
- Anon, "Khaadyn ündsen khuraangui altan towch(Qad-un ündüsün quriyangġui altan tobči)" (2011), Bolor sudar
- Batbayar, Bayanbaataryn, "“Ikh tsaaz”-yn ekh bichgiĭn sudalgaa. Ulaanbaatar:MUIS-iĭn khuul’ züĭn surguul’ Mongolyn tör erkh züĭn tüükhiĭn sudalgaany töw", ~ (2008)
- Bawden, Charles R., "Mongolian Traditional Literature: An Anthology", pp.90~96 (2003), Kegan Paul
- Choĭmaa, Sh, "Ubashi khuntaĭjiĭn tuuj (Dörwön Oĭrad Mongolyg darsan tuuj). Bibliotheca Oiratica LXXIII. Na. Sükhbaatar", pp.251~276 (2018), Tod nomyn gerel töw
- Churās, Shāh Maḥmūd ibn Mīrzā Fāẓil, "Khronika: Kriticheskiĭ tekst, perevod, kommentarii, issledovanie i ukazateli O. F. Akimushkina" (1976), Nauka
- De Rachewiltz, Igor, "The Secret History of the Mongols: A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century" (2006), Brill
- Dylykov, S. D., "Ikh Tsaaz (Velikoe ulozhenie): Pamiatnik Mongol’skogo feodal’nogo prava XVII v" (1981), Nauka
- Elverskog, Johan, "The Jewel Translucent Sutra: Altan Khan and the Mongols in the Sixteenth Century" (2003), Brill
- Emči Ghabang Shes-Rab, "Biography of Caya Pandita in Oirat Characters, Corpus Scriptorum Mongolorum, Instituti Linguaet et Litterarum Academiae Scientiarum Reipublicae Populi Mongolici, Tomus V, Fasciculus 2-3", pp.73~97 (1967), Ulan Bator
- Enoki Kazuo, "Ch’in-ting Hsi-yü T’ung-wen-chih, Hesei toktobuha wargi aiman i hergen be emu obuha ejetun i bithe" (1964), The Toyo Bunko
- Gaban Sharaw, "Oĭrad Mongolyn tüükhend kholbogdokh surwalj bichgüüd III", pp.69~129 (2002), Soyombo printing
- Gol’man, M. I., "Materialy po istorii Russko-Mongol’skikh otonosheniĭ: Russko-Mongol’skie otnosheniia 1636-1654, sbornik dokumentov" (1974), Nauka, Glavnaia redaktsiia vostochnoĭ literatury
- Jamba, "Asragch nertiĭn tüükh (Asaraqči neretü-yin teüke)" (2011), Bolor sudar
- Radnaabadraa, "Rawjam Zaya Bandidyn tuuj sarny gerel khemeekh orshiw, Bibliotheca Oiratica XII" (2009), Tod nomyn gerel töw
- Sagan Setsen Khuntaĭji, "Khaadyn ündesniĭ erdeniĭn towch (Qad-un ündüsün-ü erdeni-yin tobči)" (2011), Bolor sudar
- Shagdarsüren, Ts, "Ertniĭ Mongolyn khaadyn ündesniĭ ikh shar tuuj orshwoĭ" (2006), Mongol ulsyn ikh surguul’ Mongol sudlalyn töw
- 鍾興麒, "西域地名考錄" (2008), 國家圖書館出版社
- 和田淸, "東亞史硏究: 蒙古編" (1959), 東洋文庫
- Atwood, Christopher P., "Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire" (2004), Facts on File, Inc
- Sneath, David, "The Headless State: Aristocratic Orders, Kinship Society, and Misrepresentations of Nomadic Inner Asia" (2007), Columbia University Press
- "Mongol ulsyn gazarzüĭn atlas" (2012), Monsudar
- 白翠琴, "瓦剌境域變遷考述", 蒙古史硏究, 1, pp.35~52 (1985), 內蒙古人民出版社
- 若松寬, "ジュンガル王國の形成過程", 東洋史研究, 41(4), pp.718~761 (1983)
- 若松寬, "十七世紀中葉のカルマーク族と東トルキスタン", 蒙古史硏究, 1, pp.174~184 (1985), 內蒙古人民出版社
- 윤성제, "17세기 중후반 준가르의 정치: 셍게의 집권기를 중심으로", 석사, 동양사학과, pp.2014
- 靑格力, "モンゴル史硏究: 現況と展望", pp.192~215 (2011), 明石書店
- Brophy, David, "The Oirat in Eastern Turkistan and the Rise of Āfāq Khwāja", Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi, 16, pp.5~28 (2009)
- Hancock-Parmer, Michael, "Running until Our Feet Turn White: The Barefooted Flight and Kazakh National History", 박사, pp.2017
- Miyawaki, Junko, "The Khoyid Chief Amursana in the Fall of the Dzungars: The Importance of the Oyirad Family Trees Discovered in Kazan", Studia Uralo-altaica, 39, pp.195~200 (1997)
- Miyawaki, Junko, "Researching Archival Documents on Mongolian History: Observations on the Present and Plans for the Future", pp.165~200 (2004), Tokyo University of Foreign Studies
- Natsagdorj, Tsongol B., "On the People of Khariad (Qariyad)", Études Mongoles et Sibériennes, Centrasiatiques et Tibétaines, 46, pp.1~17 (2015)
- Shim, Hosung, "The State Formation of the Zunghar Principality: A Political History of the Last Centralized State of the Eurasian Steppe", 박사, pp.2021