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동아시아 집단주의에 대한 연구동향: 일본, 대만, 서구의 연구를 중심으로

East Asian Collectivism : A Review of Japanese, Taiwanese, and Western Literature

정영태
한국학연구소 (Center for Korean Studies)|2013.10|한국학연구|제31호|pp. 691-718

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참고문헌

키워드

집단주의Collectivism개인주의Individualism관계주의Relationalism서구 문화동아시아 문화Western Culture관계중심 집단주의Relational CollectivismEast Asian Culture
주제분류기타인문학

초록

호프스테드가 <문화의 영향>을 출간한 이래 집단주의는 동아시아를 포함한 비서구사회의 문화적 특성으로 받아들여져 왔다. 우리 학계에서도 인문학, 사회학, 심리학 등 학문분야에 관계없이 거의 모든 연구자들이 우리 사회를 집단주의 문화권으로 규정해 왔다. 그러나 일본과 대만, 심지어는 서구 내부에서도 ‘서구-개인주의 대 비서구-집단주의’의 이분법 모델이 비서구의 문화는 물론 서구의 문화조차도 정확하게 파악할 수 없고, 동아시아를 비롯한 비서구 사회의 집단주의 문화는 집단의 목표를 우선시하고 집단과 일체시하는 집단주의가 아니라 관계중심 집단주의 또는 관계주의로 보아야 한다는 주장이 제기되었다. 특히 일본과 대만의 토착적인 학문을 지향하는 학자들과 서구의 집단정체성 이론가들은 방법론의 측면에서나 경험적으로나 기존의 이분법 모델에서 말하는 동아시아의 집단주의는 관계주의로 보아야 하고, 서구사회에서도 발견될 수 있는 보편적인 문화적 요소라고 주장하고 있다. 또한 종래의 이분법 모델은 개인주의-관계주의-집단주의의 삼분법 모델로 대체하는 것이 방법론에서나 경험적으로 타당하다는 것이다. 이러한 동아시아 집단주의에 대한 재해석은 한국학의 심화에도 기여할 것으로 기대된다.

Abstract

Since the publication of Geert Hofstede's Consequences of Cultures (1980),collectivism has been taken as a major cultural trait of non-Western societies includingEast Asia. In South Korea, most researchers in many academic fields such as humanities,sociology, psychology, anthropology, business management, and so on, have takenit for granted that collectivism is one of Korea's distinctive cultural traits. Thisis surprising in that some researchers in Japan and Taiwan and some Western scholars,especially on social idetntification and/or social categoriazation, have for long timecriticized a dichotomy of individualism and collectivism, and instead, proposed toadopt a trichotomy of individualism-relationalism-collectivism. These researchersidentified East Asian culture as relationalism and relationalism is well justifiedmethodologically and empirically. Future research will enrich Korean Study byemploying the concept of relationalism.

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