近代 以後 中國 災難 認識의 變化

Abstract

Before modern times, disasters in China were dominated by the theory of Heaven's warning. Interaction between Heaven and Man has dominated the Chinese's perception of disaster for thousands of years. However, with the spread of Western scientific thoughts after modern times, disasters began to be recognized scientifically and objectively. During the time of the Republic of China, disasters were no longer recognized as the calamities of nature. It was recognized as a man-made disaster caused by China's backwardness and the incompetence of the Nationalist government. Typhoons, floods, droughts, and famine have become targets that can be prevented and overcome with the development of science and technology. In the modern nation-state, the roles and responsibilities of the state have been maximized. Therefore, disasters were also subject to the management of the state. Since the establishment of the People's Republic of China, China has set the goal of developing an underdeveloped society into an advanced socialist society through industrial development. With the aim of building a socialist state, the perception of disaster has also changed. Socialist perception of disaster was replaced by ideological perception instead of scientific and objective analysis. After 1949, the CCP's responsibility was circumvented by transferring responsibility for the disaster due to the mistakes and incompetence of the Nationalist government. Disaster should not have occurred under the control of the CCP. In the event of a disaster, the only disaster relief measure was to overcome the disaster with a revolutionary spirit. This was not significantly different from the traditional shamanistic re-transfer. After the reform and opening up, China has set the goal of national construction to develop productive forces through economic development. As China's development strategy changed, so did the perception and response to disasters. First, it was the state's active response to disasters. Second, it was thoroughly recognized by the Chinese that the means to respond to disasters were not superstition, but hygiene and science. With China's economic development, the disaster was no longer perceived as due to the incompetence of the Chinese government. The Sichuan earthquake of 12 May 2008 amplified doubts about the ability to host the Beijing Olympics, which is about three months ahead. However, the Chinese government has proved China's ability to manage crises by effectively addressing this. The Chinese government showed off China's capabilities through disaster relief and used it as a symbol of Chinese national unity.