On Wh-Focus
1
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
This paper provides evidence that wh-words and their answer counterparts in the response sentences are related with two foci, new-informational focus and contrastive focus (as opposed to the traditional view that these categories are only associated with contrastive/alternative focus). By combining this claim with Kratzer-Selkirk (2011, 2013) type of three-way-distinction of focus (contrastive focus, new-information focus, and givenness), this paper shows that the wh-words and their answer constituents pattern precisely the same way as other non-wh-related words in representing (pragmatic/semantic) information they carry in the sentence; they can all be contrastively- or informationally focused in their default positions, the choice of which being determined by whether they are intended to be exhaustive and/or how much pitch accent they carry.
Abstract
This paper provides evidence that wh-words and their answer counterparts in the response sentences are related with two foci, new-informational focus and contrastive focus (as opposed to the traditional view that these categories are only associated with contrastive/alternative focus). By combining this claim with Kratzer-Selkirk (2011, 2013) type of three-way-distinction of focus (contrastive focus, new-information focus, and givenness), this paper shows that the wh-words and their answer constituents pattern precisely the same way as other non-wh-related words in representing (pragmatic/semantic) information they carry in the sentence; they can all be contrastively- or informationally focused in their default positions, the choice of which being determined by whether they are intended to be exhaustive and/or how much pitch accent they carry.
참고문헌 (73)
- Abraham, W, "Word Order in the Middle Field of the German Sentence, In Werner Abraham and Sjaak de Meij", pp.15~38 (1986), John Benjamins
- Abraham, W, "Structural Properties of Information Packaging in German and in Universal Grammar", Gronininger Arbeiten zur germanistischen Linguistik, 35, pp.1~36 (1993)
- Ahn, H. -D, "Jokakmun Yeongu (Studies on fragment structures)" (2012), Hankukmunwhasa
- Beckman, M, "Intonational Structure in Japanese and English", Phonology Yearbook, 3, pp.255~309 (1986)
- Choe, H. -S, "Focus and Topic Movement in Korean and Licensing, In Discourse Configurational Languages", pp.269~334 (1995), Oxford University Press
- Choe, H. -W, "Optimizing Structure in Context", 박사, pp.1999
- Cinque, G, "Types of A'-dependencies" (1990), MIT Press
- de Hoop, H, "Case Configuration and Noun Phrase Interpretation", 박사, pp.1992
- Diesing, M, "Indefinites" (1992), MIT Press
- Diesing, M, "Verb Movement and the Subject Position in Yiddish", Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 8, pp.4~79 (1994)
- Enç, M, "The Semantics of Specificity", Linguistic Inquiry, 22, pp.1~25 (1991)
- Fery, C, "Focus, Topic and Intonation in German", 석사, pp.1992
- Fery, C, "Gradient Prosodic Correlates of Phrasing in French, In Nouveaux Départs en Phonologie", pp.161~182 (2003), Gunther Narr
- Fery, C, "Focus Projection and Prosodic Prominence in Nested Foci", Language, 82(1), pp.131~150 (2006)
- Fery, C, "Information structure: Notional distinctions, ways of expresson, In Unity and Diversity of Language", pp.123~136 (2008), John Benjamins
- Fry, D. B, "Experiments in the Perception of Stress", Language and Speech, 1, pp.126~152 (1958)
- Jayasaleen, K. A, "Question Movement and How Some SOV Languages Handle It", Paper presented at the GLOW in Asia Colloguium (2002)
- Hagstrom, P, "Decomposing Questions", 박사, pp.1998
- Halliday, M. A. K, "Notes on Transitivity and Theme in English II", Journal of Linguistics, 3, pp.199~244 (1967)
- Halliday, M. A. K, "An Introduction to Functional Grammar" (1985), Arnold
- Hamblin, C. L, "Questions in Montague English", Foundations of Language, 10, pp.41~53 (1973)
- Heim, I, "The Semantics of Definite and Indefinite Noun Phrases", 박사, pp.1982
- Herring, S. C, "Information Structure as a Consequence of Word Order Type", In Proceedings of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, pp.163~174 (1990)
- Huss, V, "English Word Stress in Post-nuclear Position", Phonetica, 35, pp.86~105 (1977)
- Jackendoff, R, "Semantic Interpretation in Generative Grammar" (1972), MIT Press
- Jun, S. -A, "The Phonetics and Phonology of Korean Prosody", 박사, pp.1993
- Keating, P, "Phonetic Representation in Generative Grammar", Journal of Phonetics, 18, pp.321~334 (1990)
- Keating, P, "Phonetic Encoding of Prosodic Structure", Proceedings of the 6th International Seminar on Speech Production, pp.119~124 (2003)
- Kim, J. -S, "Syntactic Focus Movement and Ellipsis: a Minimalist Approac", 박사, pp.1997
- Korean Linguistics 1, "Where Do the Contrastive and Focus Readings Come from?, In Japanese", pp.1990, Kim, K. -S
- Kim, S. -W, "Chain Scope and Quantificational Structure", 박사, pp.1991
- Kiss, K. Ė, "Identificational Focus versus Information Focus", 석사, pp.1998
- Kiss, K. Ė, "Argument Scrambling, Operator Movement, and Topic Movement in Hungarian, In Word order ann scrambling", pp.22~43 (2003), Blackwell
- Kratzer, A, "Interpreting Focus: Presupposed or Expressive Meaning?", Theorectical Linguistics, 30(1), pp.123~136 (2004)
- Kratzer, A, "Distinguishing Contrastive, New and Given Information", Georgetown Linguistics Society conference (2010)
- Kratzer, A, "Phase Theory and Prosodic Spellout: the Case of Verbs", The Linguistic Review, 24, pp.93~135 (2007)
- Kratzer, A, "Distinguishing Contrastive, New and Given Information", Talk given at the International Conference on Information Structure (2010), Informationsstruktur
- Kratzer, A, "Contrastive Ffocus vs. Discourse-new: Evidence from Phonetic Prominence in English", Language, 87, pp.771~816 (2011)
- Kratzer, A, "Prosody and Information Structure, Lecture", The 2013 Linguistic Society of America Summer Institute, held at The University of Michigan-Ann Arbor (2013)
- Kratzer, A, "Indeterminate Pronouns: A View from Japanese", Proceedings of the 3rd Tokyo Conference on Psycholinguistics, pp.1~25 (2002)
- Krifka, M, "A Framework for Focus-sensitive Quantification", Proceedings of the Second Conference on Semantics and Linguistic Theory, pp.215~336 (1992), Ohio State University
- Ladd, D. R, "The Structure of Intonational Meaning" (1980), Indiana University Press
- Ladd, D. R, "Intonational Phrasing: the Case of Recursive Prosodic Structure", Phonology Yearbook, 3, pp.311~340 (1986)
- Ladd, D. R, "Intonational Phonology" (1996), Cambridge University Press
- Ladd, D. R, "Intonational Phonology" (2008), Cambridge University Press
- Lenerz, J, "Zur Abfolge Nominaler Satzglieder im Deutschen" (1997), TBL Verlag Gunter Narr
- Milsark, G, "Existential Sentences in English", 박사, pp.1974
- Moltmann, T, "Agreements in Hindi", 박사, pp.1990
- Neeleman, A, "Scrambling and the PF Interface," The Projection of Arguments: Lexical and Compositional Factors", pp.309~353 (1998), CSLI Publications
- Neeleman, A, "Superman sentences", Linguistic Inquiry, 35, pp.149~159 (2004)
- Nespor, M, "Prosodic Phonology" (1986), Foris
- Pesetsky, D, "Wh-in-situ: Movement and Unselecive Binding," In The Representation of (In)definiteness" (1987), MIT Press
- Pierrehumbert, J, "Japanese Tone Structure" (1988), MIT
- Pierrehumbert, J, "The Meaning of Intonational Contours in the Interpretation of Discourse, In Intentions in Communication", pp.271~311 (1990), MIT Press
- Reinhart, T, "Pragmatics and Linguistics: an Analysis of Sentence Topics", 석사, pp.1982
- Rizzi, L, "Relativized Minimality" (1990), MIT Press
- Rochemont, M, "Focus in Generative Grammar" (1986), John Benjamins
- Rooth, M, "A Theory of Focus Interpretation", Natural Language Semantics, 1, pp.75~116 (1992)
- Rooth, M, "Focus, In The Handbook of Contemporary Semantic Theory" (1996), Blackwell
- Selkirk, E, "Phonology and Syntax: the Relation between Sound and Structure" (1982), MIT Press
- Selkirk, E, "Sentence Prosody: Intonation, Stress and Phrasing, In The handbook of phonological theory", pp.550~569 (1995), Blackwell
- Selkirk, E, "The Interaction of Constraints on Prosodic Phrasing, In Prosody: Theory and Experiment", pp.231~261 (2000), Kluwer
- Selkirk, E, "Contrastive Focus, Givenness and the Unmarked Status of"Discourse-New", Interdisciplinary Studies on Information Structure, 6, pp.125~145 (2007)
- Son, G. -R, "Scrambling, Reconstruction, and the Checking Principle", 박사, pp.2001
- Gwangrak Son, "On Wh-Scrambling", 언어, 27(2), pp.293~314 (2002), 한국언어학회
- 손광락, "Prosodic Phrasing and Multiple Spell-Out by Phase: Evidence from Floating Numeral Quantifier Constructions in Korean and Japanese", 생성문법연구, 21(4), pp.625~637 (2011), 한국생성문법학회
- Szabolcsi, A, "The Semantics of Topic-focus Articulation, In Formal Methods in the Study of Language", pp.523~540 (1981), Mathematicsch Cengrum
- Truckenbrodt, H, "Phonological Phrases: Their Relation to Syntax, Focus, and Prominence", 박사, pp.1995
- Truckenbrodt, H, "Phrasal Stress, In The Encyclopedia of Languages and Linguistics 9", pp.572~579 (2006), Elsevier
- Wagner, M, "Prosody and Recursion", 박사, pp.2005
- Webelhuth. G, "Principles and Parameters of Syntactic Saturation" (1992), Oxford University Press
- Williams, E, "Predication", Linguistic Inquiry, 11, pp.203~238 (1980)
- Zubizareta, M. L, "Prosody, Focus and Word Order" (1998), MIT Press
