Praeparatio Evangelium:Beowulf as Antetype of Christ
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Abstract
The article opens by citing Harold Bloom's question about the putative Christianity of Beowulf: Can it be Christian, he asks, "without the figure of Jesus Christ, without the presence of the New Testament?" After acknowledging the force of the poem's clearly pagan aspects, the article examines the explicitly biblical allusions and argues that while these are all from the Old Testament, there are also some more subtle New Testament motifs that give the the poem its Christian coloring, as many scholars have also argued. Where the article goes beyond previous Christian interpretations is in its argument that the culture hero Beowulf is a pagan antetype of Christ in much the same sense that, e.g., the biblical culture hero King David is an Israelite antetype of Christ. This means that while Beowulf is a Christ figure, he is not an imitatio Christi, for the poem places him in a pre-Christian era. If Beowulf were being presented as an imitatio Christi of the Christian era, then he would have to be considered a failed Christ, one who tragically falls short. Beowulf does fail, of course, in that he succumbs to wounds inflicted by the dragon that he slays and thus cannot ensure the long-term salvation of his people because he does not survive to redistribute the dragon's hoard of wealth through the traditional system of gift-giving. Yet, Beowulf can fail, without failing to be like Christ, for antetypes necessarily fall short of that which they prefigure. Moreover, Beowulf's final acts leading to his death prefigure those of Christ, especially as portrayed in The Gospel of John. Consequently, one cannot say that the epic poem Beowulf is "without the figure of Jesus Christ." He is present, even pervasive, in the Anglo-Saxons' culture-hero Beowulf, the antetype of Christ.
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