서구 불교신행의 양태와 서구적 불교의 탄생
New Patterns of Buddhist Faith in the West and the American Buddhism
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서구에서 불교가 중심화제로 떠오른 것은 빅토리아조 때였다. 동양에 대한 낭만주의적 상상력의 확대와 제국주의적 팽창이라는 두요인과 기독교의선교활동의 편승이 불교 이해의 큰 틀이 되었다. 이후 불교는 유우럽뿐만 아니라 신대륙인 미국에도 동일한 정서를 지니고 관심의 대상이 되었다. 동양학 전문의 학자들의 관심과 세계종교의회와 같은 문화적인 행사를 통해 미국에 본격적으로 전파되었다. 덧붙여 미주 동양계의 이민을 따라 불교 신행은 자연스럽게 미주에 유입된다. 그러나 불교를 받아드리는 태도는 인종간의격차를 보인다. 소위 백인불교와 이민불교로 대분되는 것이다. 또는 미국화된 불교 이거나 소수민의 불교로 정착된다. 미국사회의 성격을 따라 불교는동양전통에서는 볼 수 없는 새로운 패턴을 이루게 된다. 실생활로 부터 학문적인 영역에 이르기 까지 새로운 불교 접근 방식을 개발하기 시작하는 것이다. 그리고 지금은 이미 미국 자신의 체질의 한 부분으로 새살을 돋게 하는것이다.
Abstract
This paper is intended to investigate the recent situation of Buddhist activities in the north American continent as well as in the west in general. The introduction of Buddhism in the west since the victorian period of the Europe has given impact to the western religious and spiritual arenas. Buddhism delivered from the Asian countries to the west has been uninterruptedly changed in various ways. It has been accepted, adjusted and transformed in the western world depending on their host countries. Particularly, the Buddhist faith in the American continent seems to be phenomenal and the Buddhist sympathizers are very active how to adjust themselves to this Asian faith. And they try to transform the traditional Buddhism in their own ways in a new western format of Sangha community,non-celibacy as well as non-laity and non-hierachical community as well as non-patriarchal democratic community. The scholarly category and the tendency of the Buddhist studies have been changed and diverisified in order to overcome the Orientalism latent in the previous Buddhist studies. Buddhism will be considered as a new religious movement and should be looked at it as a new creative growth in a new soil of the west, not simply implanted old religion from the East in the new world. And Buddhism can be explored as much as the modern scientific endeavours in the field of cognitive science, neuroscience, psychology, psychoanalysis are pursued.
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