『傳心法要』에 나타난 大乘禪觀 小考

Abstract

Huangbo Xiyun (黃檗希運; d. 850) was a Chan master who was active in Tang dynasty after the turbulent era marked by the An.Shi Rebellion and the Huichang persecution of Buddhism. In terms of Chinese Buddhist history, he lived about the time when the “five houses and seven schools” were about to be established. Huangbo’s perspective on Chan was simple and direct, and characterized by his individual style as a lofty practitioner of his beliefs. He faithfully embodied the Chan style of Patriarchal Chan. Two compilations of his sayings remain, Chuanxinfayao(傳心法要) and Wanlinglu(宛陵錄), both of which were compiled by Pei Xiu (裵休; 797-870) who also wrote the foreword. Many Chan Schools extracted their Chan perspectives from Mahayana scriptures to use them in establishing their own thoughts on Chan. Both Chuanxinfayao and Wanlinglu also cite passages from diverse Mahayana sutras, most of them from the early and mid-period of Mahayana Buddhism. The cited concepts and the sutras of their origin are as follows: “absence of characteristics(無相)” and “absence of discriminating thought (無心)” from the DiamondSutra(Vajracchedikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra; 金剛經) and Vimalakīrti Nirdeśa Sūtra(維摩經); “one vehicle” from the Lotus Sutra(Saddharma Puṇḍarīka Sūtra;法華經); “Buddha nature” from the Nirvana Sutra(Mahāparinirvāṇa Sutra; 涅槃經); “mind-only” from the Flower Ornament Sutra(Avataṃsaka Sūtra; 華嚴經); “The mind is the Buddha” from the Guanwuliangshoujing(觀無量壽 經); and “one mind” from the Awakening of Mahayana Faith(大乘起信論). Based on these diverse Chan perspectives found in Mahayana Buddhism, the two volumes of recorded sayings by Huangbo express two major Chan concepts which are: “Mind is Buddha (心是佛)” and “sudden enlightenment and no discriminating thought (頓悟無心).” As the mind is Buddha, there is no need for “gradual practice.” As we are inherently endowed with perfect enlightenment, we can attain sudden enlightenment. The state of having “no discriminating thought” is emphasized as being enlightenment itself. It is a state that embraces all things without attachment and is free from discriminating nature and imagined characteristics.