서위시대 불교교단의 일면(⼀面) − 『교단제규(敎團制規)』의 분석을 중심으로

Abstract

The Jiaotuan-zhigui (敎團制規; The Rules of Chinese Buddhist Order) is a Monastic Regulations that appears to have been practiced in the Western Wei (⻄魏) Dynasty and reflects the specifics of its contemporary Buddhist Order. The Buddhist Orders of the Western Wei Dynasty inherited the trend of Northern Wei (北魏) Buddhism, which was also mainly under the control of the state. Buddhist Orders were under the leadership of ‘Buddhist monks' bureaucracy’ (僧官制). Meanwhile, Buddhist Orders in the Northern Wei Dynasty expanded rapidly and grew enormously in quantity. However, there were socially negative effects, such as the appearance of improper monks, and the state-controlled the Buddhist Orders through various policies. However, the appearance of the Buddhist Order in the Jiaotuan-zhigui shows a different aspect from the general Buddhist Orders. This literature shows two main features. First, the Buddhist Order which used this literature rejected the state's control and pursued its autonomous operation. Second, by making clauses citing the Vinayapiṭaka, the Buddhist Order carried out suitable operations through it. Therefore, through the Jiaotuan-zhigui, we can confirm that, in the Western Wei Dynasty, there existed a Buddhist Order that refused the state’s control and sought its autonomous operation based on the Vinayapiṭaka.